Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAbout2010-10-11 Harbor Commission PacketKENAI HARBOR COMMISSION MEETING OCTOBER 11, 2010 CITY COUNCIL CHAMBERS 7:00 P.M. AGENDA ITEM 1: CALL TO ORDER ROLL CALL ITEM 2: AGENDA APPROVAL ITEM 3: APPROVAL OF MEETING SUMMARY September 13, 2010 ITEM 4: PERSONS SCHEDULED TO BE HEARD a. City Manager Rick Koch Commission Duties and the Relationship between Commissions, Administration and Council ITEM 5: OLD BUSINESS a. Discussion On -Site Survey Forms b. Discussion Update on SY2010 Municipal Harbor Facility Grant c. Discussion Town Hall Meeting Topics ITEM 6: NEW BUSINESS a. Discussion Kenai River Recreation Study Draft ITEM 7: REPORTS a. Director b. City Council Liaison ITEM 8: NEXT MEETING ATTENDANCE NOTIFICATION a. November 8, 2010 ITEM 9: COMMISSIONER COMMENTS /QUESTIONS ITEM 10: PERSONS NOT SCHEDULED TO BE HEARD ITEM 11: INFORMATION a. Kenai City Council Action Agendas of September 1 and 15, 2010. ITEM 12: ADJOURNMENT PLEASE CONTACT US IF YOU WILL NOT BE ABLE TO ATTEND THE MEETING: CAROL 283 -8231 OR, WAYNE OGLE 283 -8234 AGENDA ITEM 1: CALL TO ORDER ROLL CALL ITEM 2: AGENDA APPROVAL ITEM 3: APPROVAL OF MEETING SUMMARY a. July 12, 2010 b. August 9, 2010 ITEM 4: PERSONS SCHEDULED TO BE HEARD ITEM 5: OLD BUSINESS a. Discussion On -Site User Survey Forms ITEM 6: NEW BUSINESS a. Discussion Status of SY2012 Municipal Harbor Facility Grant b. Discussion Work Session at Dock on August 9, 2010 ITEM 7: REPORTS KENAI HARBOR COMMISSION MEETING SEPTEMBER 13, 2010 CITY COUNCIL CHAMBERS 7:00 P.M. a. Director b. City Council Liaison ITEM 8: NEXT MEETING ATTENDANCE NOTIFICATION a. October 11, 2010 ITEM 9: COMMISSIONER COMMENTS /QUESTIONS ITEM 10: PERSONS NOT SCHEDULED TO BE HEARD ITEM 11: INFORMATION a. Kenai City Council Action Agendas of August 18 and September 1, 2010, ITEM 12: ADJOURNMENT ITEM 1: Commissioners present: Commissioners absent: Staff /Council Liaison present: A quorum was present. ITEM 2: ADD: 6 -c. New Business MOTION: ITEM 3: 3 -a. July 12, 2010 3 -b. August 9, 2010 MOTION: ITEM 4: ITEM 5: 5 -a. KENAI HARBOR COMMISSION MEETING SEPTEMBER 13, 2010 CITY COUNCIL CHAMBERS 7:00 P.M. CHAIR TOM THOMPSON, PRESIDING AGENDA APPROVAL MEETING SUMMARY CALL TO ORDER ROLL CALL Chair Thompson called the meeting to order at approximately 7:01 p.m. Roll was confirmed as follows: P. Morin, B. Osborn, R. Peters, T. Thompson, W. Nelson W. Niederhauser Public Works Director W. Ogle, Council Member H. Smalley Commissioner Peters read the following addition to the agenda: Dip Net Update Commissioner Peters MOVED to approve the agenda with the addition and Commissioner Nelson SECONDED the motion. There were no objections. SO ORDERED. APPROVAL OF MEETING SUMMARY Commissioner Peters MOVED to approve the meeting summaries of July 12 and August 9, 2010. Commissioner Osborn SECONDED the motion. There were no objections. SO ORDERED. PERSONS SCHEDULED TO BE HEARD None OLD BUSINESS Discussion On -Site User Survey Forms Public Works Director Ogle reviewed the survey forms included in the packet. Commissioner comments included: The form needed to be brief. Suggested "What do you like best and "What needs to be improved as possible questions. Suggested a postcard survey to hand out and a longer survey online. Requested survey measure demographics of users and purchase habits of dip netters. Requested samples and questions be brought to the next meeting for discussion. ITEM 6: NEW BUSINESS 6 a. Discussion Status of SY2012 Municipal Harbor Facility Grant Ogle reviewed the grant details and the status of the grant. 6 b. Discussion Work Session at Dock on August 9, 2010 Ogle reviewed the work session at the dock. Commissioner suggestions included: Remove trees from the fuel service fenced area. Pave around the public restrooms. Consider training for use of the deploying boom. MOTION: Commissioner Morin MOVED to recommend dock personnel receive training for use of the deploying boom and Commissioner Nelson SECONDED the motion. There were no objections. SO ORDERED. 6 -c. Discussion 2010 Dip Net Season Update General discussion occurred. Commissioner observations included: Organization continues to improve. Toll sheds were competently run. Fish heads and guts were not a problem until the very end of the season. Parks Department worked hard to clean beaches. ATV's were kept under control. Police presence was very good. Camps were orderly. "NO FIRE" signs were effective. Portable toilets were clean and dumpsters were emptied. Brenda Crim's group was positive and gave a good image of the beach. Children's programs were well attended. HARBOR COMMISSION MEETING SEPTEMBER 13, 2010 PAGE 2 MOTION: Inlet. Fewer competitive fishermen, more family participation, a vacation destination for many. Parking seemed to be less of an issue this year. Commissioner recommendations included: Make restroom facilities at the ball park available. Provide water to fish cleaning facilities on the beach. Suggest more fishermen take fish from the beach and clean elsewhere. Suggest more law enforcement to check fish limits and fishery eligibility. Resolve any vendor conflicts Upgrade Kenai Avenue, Commissioner Morin MOVED to recommend adoption of the above recommendations and Commissioner Osborn SECONDED the motion. There were no objections. SO ORDERED. ITEM 7: REPORTS 7 -a. Director Ogle reviewed the information from the Town Hall meeting on May 8, 2010. Commissioner comments included: Believed the public was not cognizant of the services the City provided. Noted requests for increased parking for dip netting. Suggested utilization of transportation improvement initiatives such as a fast service ferry. Prepare the harbor for possible opportunities on the west side of Cook 7 -b. City Council Liaison Council Member Smalley reviewed the action agenda items of the September 1, 2010 City Council meeting included in the packet. ITEM 8: NEXT MEETING ATTENDANCE NOTIFICATION 8 -a. October 11, 2010 Commissioner Thompson reported he would not be able to attend the October or November Harbor Commission meetings. ITEM 9: COMMISSIONER COMMENTS /QUESTIONS Morin reported he had seen signs restricting horsepower below the bridge and inquired as to what authority Kenai River Special Management Association (KRSMA) had to enforce the restriction. HARBOR COMMISSION MEETING SEPTEMBER 13, 2010 PAGE 3 Peters noted Mr. Foster's resignation from the Commission and noted a replacement was needed. ITEM 10: PERSONS NOT SCHEDULED TO BE HEARD None ITEM 11: INFORMATION 11 -a. Kenai City Council Action Agendas of August 18 and September 1, 2010. ITEM 12: ADJOURNMENT MOTION: Commissioner Morin MOVED to adjourn and Commissioner Osborn SECONDED the motion. There were no objections. SO ORDERED. There being no further business before the Commission, the meeting was adjourned at approximately 9:18 p.m. Meeting summary prepared and submitted by: Lorene Hall, CMC, Deputy City Clerk HARBOR COMMISSION MEETING SEPTEMBER 13, 2010 PAGE 4 1.90.010 Chapter 1.90 STANDARD PROCEDURES FOR BOARDS, COMMISSIONS AND COMMITTEES Sections: 1.90.010 Creation. 1.90.020 Duties. 1.90.030 Qualifications. 1.90.040 Terms. 1.90.050 Proceedings. 1.90.060 Specific requirements of boards, commissions and committees. 1.90.010 Creation. All boards, commissions and committees cre- ated by the Council of the City of Kenai, shall con- sist of seven (7) members who shall be nominated by the Mayor and confirmed by the City Council from applications submitted to the City Clerk. A chairman and vice chairman shall be selected an- nually and shall be elected from and by the ap- pointed members. The Mayor and one Council Member elected by the Council as ex- officio mem- bers and as consultants of any board, commission or committee, may attend all meetings, but shall have no voting power on the board, commission or committee. A member of Council or City adminis- trative staff shall attend all meetings of boards, commissions and committees and supply staff sup- port. 1.90.020 Duties. (a) Members of boards, commissions and com- mittees shall be required to establish policies relating to their respective organization. They shall act in an advisory capacity to depart- ment heads within the City Administration if there are such departments in the City organi- zation that directly relate to the board, com- mission or committee. If the board, commission or committee has income stated within the City of Kenai annual budget, said board, commission or committee shall work with the City Manager to establish (b) (Kenai Hupp. No. 93, 10 -08) 34 1.90.030 Qualifications. (a) A member of a board, commission or com- mittee must be a resident of the City of Kenai, unless the board, commission or committee is specifically exempted by Council from this requirement. The member cannot be an offi- cer or employee of the City of Kenai. If any member should move his or her residence from the corporate limits of the City of Kenai (if applicable), is an officer or employee of the City of Kenai, or shall be elected or ap- pointed as an officer or employee of the City of Kenai, the service of such member shall terminate immediately. He or she should be aware that he or she will serve without salary, but will be reimbursed for all reasonable ex- penses incurred in connection with this ser- vice, only after approval by Council. The Beautification Committee, and Harbor, Library, and Parks and Recreation Commis- sions may at the discretion of the Council have. (I) up to two (2) non resident members each; or (2) have one (1) member who does not reside in the City but works at least one- half time within the City. (Ords. 1948 -2002, 2320 -2008) (b) 1.90.040 Terms. (a) A member of a board, commission or com- mittee shall serve for a term of three (3) years, unless the board, commission or com- mittee is specifically exempted by Council from this requirement. At renewal date, the Mayor, with consent of the Council, can re- appoint the member or recommend a re- placement. The terms of the initial board, commission or committee member shall be staggered so that three (3) members will be appointed for one (1) year; two (2) members will be appointed for two (2) years; and two (2) members will (b) Item y expenses projected for the year for approval by the City Council. 1.90.050 Proceedings. (a) All boards, commissions and committees will have regularly scheduled meetings which shall be open to the public. Exceptions to the meeting requirements shall be established by Council. Permanent records or minutes shall be kept of all proceedings and such minutes shall record the vote of each member upon every question. Every decision or finding shall immediately be filed in the office of the City Clerk and shall be a public record open to inspection by any person. All acts of' boards, commissions and committees are sub- ject to the paramount authority of the City Council. If the commission, committee or board mem- ber shall be absent, without the body excusing the absence for good cause, from more than one -half of all the meetings of his or her com- mittee, commission or board, regular and spe- cial, held within any period of three (3) con- secutive calendar months, he or she shall thereupon cease to hold the seat. A commis- sion, committee or board member may not have more than three (3) excused absences during a twelve (12) month calendar year. In all matters of parliamentary procedure, Robert's Rules of Order as revised shall be applicable and govern all meetings, unless as specified in KMC 1.15.060 motions; KMC 1.15.100, speaking; and KMC 1.15,110, vot- ing. (d) The responsibility of insuring that all mem- bers of boards, commissions and committees receive_ copy of the „Standard Procedures of Boards, Commissions and Committees lies with the City Clerk. (Ords. 1610 -94; 2017 -2003; 2050 -2004; 2140- 2006) (b) (c) be appointed for three (3) years. Terms shall commence on January 1st of each year. 34 -1 1.90.040 1.90.060 Specific requirements of boards, commissions and committees. Requirements of boards, commissions and committees as set forth in KMC 1.90 are general requirements and shall be followed to the extent that they do not conflict with specific requirements found in code sections specifically pertaining to individual boards, commissions and committees. (Ords. 1223, 1239) (Kenai Stipp. No. 93, 10 -08) Chapter 11.10 HARBOR COMMISSION Sections: 11.10.010 Duties and powers. 11.10.010 Duties and powers. (a) The Commission shall be required to do the following: (1) Develop, adopt, alter, or revise, subject to approval by the City Council, a master plan for the physical development of harbor or port facilities for the City. Such master plan with accompanying maps, plats, charts, descriptive, and explanatory matter, shall show the Commission' s recommendations for the development of the City Harbor facilities may include, among other things: (i) development of the type, location, and sequence of all public harbor facilities; (ii) the relocation, removal, extension, or change of use of existing harbor facilities; (2) Submit annually to the City Manager and Council, not less than ninety (90) days prior to the beginning of the budget year, a list of the recommended capital im- provements which, in the opinion of the Commission. are necessary or desirable to be constructed during the forthcoming three (3) year period. Such list shall be arranged in order of preference, with rec- ommendations as to which projects shall be constructed in which year. (3) Make investigations regarding any matter related to City harbor facilities, tide or submerged lands. Make recommendations to the Council relative to the care, con- trol, and development of tide and sub merged lands. 165 11.10.010 (4) Act in the capacity as directed and autho- rized by a tidelands ordinance adopted by the City. (5) Review all City leases of City-owned tide, submerged, and lands or navigable waters within the City, and as to the planned improvements proposed and make recommendations to the City Coun- cil. (6) Make and prepare reports and plans for approval by the City Council. (7) Coordinate public efforts individual and group, to the effectuation of approved plans. (8) Shall act in advisory capacity in the se- lection of a Harbor Director should such a position be created by the City Council. (Ords. 474, 1161, 1802 -98) (Kenai 5- 21 -99) Harbor Commission Collaborative Town Hall Meeting Topics (From September 13, 2010 meeting) 1. Increased parking for Personal Use Fishery 2. Improve aesthetics 3. Recommendation for oil spill containment training 4. Utilize transportation improvement initiatives such as fast service ferry 5. Prepare for possible opportunities on west side of Cook Inlet It pm Sc. Agency Review Draft Prepared by... Doug Whittaker, Ph.D. and Bo Shelby, Ph.D. Confluence Research and Consulting Prepared for... State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources Division of Parks and Outdoor Recreation May 2010 fl.evvi Lo. Kenai River Recreation Study Major Findings and Implications 201© Acknowledgements Paga ii Executive Summary Alaska State Parks commissioned a study of Kenai River recreation use in the summer of 2009. The overall goal was to describe use patterns, user characteristics, impacts and tolerances, responses to impacts, and the acceptability of management actions that might be used to improve environmental health or the quality of recreation experiences. This summary was presented in Soldotna, Alaska in February 2010; the final report should be "on the streets" in summer 2010. Methods The study included focus groups with stakeholders; collection and analysis of use data; an on -site user survey; and follow -up surveys with users, guides, and landowners. Use data. The study organized use data from several sources, including vehicle or boat counts onsite; ADF&G boat counts on the lower river; overflight boat counts from Kenai Watershed Forum; and launch, campground, ferry, or parking data from other agencies. On site survey. Users were surveyed at 25 locations on three segments from late May through September. Over 2,300 groups were contacted; 2,180 provided completed surveys (92% cooperation rate), including 896 bank anglers, 691 drift anglers, 466 powerboat anglers, and 127 non anglers. Follow up surveys. 65 to 87% of onsite users (depending upon the group) provided addresses for a follow -up survey. A final sample of 852 users completed follow -up surveys (65% response rate), including 318 bank anglers, 274 drift boat anglers, 191 powerboat anglers, and 69 non- anglers. All 385 registered guides were sent a follow -up survey; 218 completed surveys (64% response rate of those with "good" addresses), including 153 powerboat guides, 47 driftboat guides, and 18 scenic raft or other guides. A sample of 494 landowners stratified by the three segments was sent a follow -up survey; 208 completed surveys (45% response rate). Highlight findings Use levels. Due to an economic downturn, weak second king run, and mid -season floods, 2009 was not a high use year, particularly during king salmon season and the second red salmon run. However, the first red run on the upper river attracted high use, and use levels were "normal" during silver and trout dolly seasons. Characterizing users, guides, and landowners. Questions about "most important" recreation opportunities provided profiles of different groups on variables such as age, gender, residency, Kenai experience, boat ownership, and target species. Most Kenai anglers are men >80 who fish in small groups (2 to 5). Users take diverse trips; for example, 30% of powerboaters sometimes use driftboats and 29% of drift anglers sometimes use powerboats. Perceived crowding. A standard question used in many recreation studies shows some Kenai locations and times can be very crowded (e.g., bank anglers on the Upper River during the first red run, drift anglers on the Upper River on Sept weekends, powerboat anglers on high use days on the Lower River; 79 to 98% report crowding). Most locations and times had "high normal" crowding (50 to 65 and a few had "low- normal" (35 to 50 or "no crowding" 35 Crowding was higher while fishing than while using facilities, parking, or traveling to fishing. ?ort June 2010 Use impact relationships. Correlations between use measures (e.g., Russian River ferry users per day, boat counts on the Lower River) and various impacts (e.g., perceived crowding, distance between hank anglers, competition for fishing locations, interference from boats) show that higher use levels are related to higher impacts. Combined with information about impact tolerances, data help show when use produces unacceptable impacts. Impacts and tolerances. Similar to findings from a 1992 study, most Kenai users identified tolerances for impacts; only 10 to 20% report that social impacts "don't matter to me as long as I'm catching fish." Example tolerances for bank anglers include less than three line entanglements and fishing at least one rod length from others; boat -based anglers tolerate fishing competition and boat interference no more than 25% of the time, Issue priorities. Follow -up surveys had respondents rank 24 management issues on an "importance" scale; few were rated "not at all" important. The highest ranked issues related to environmental impacts (e.g., litter, bank trampling, wildlife impacts, and powerboat effects on erosion, hydrocarbon pollution, and water clarity), but discourteous behavior of users and boating safety were also important. These are a starting point for high quality recreation. Facility or access improvements and use level issues were lower but also important (particularly for certain sub groups). Higher ranking use issues included boats on the Lower River in July, bank and boat anglers during red salmon runs, and boats on the Upper River during the late summer trout season. Responding to crowding. Most respondents (70 to 90 said they sometimes feel crowded and described ways they respond. About 45% try to avoid others while staying in the same area, and about 30% said they take trips during the middle of the week, at a different time of day, or to a different segment. About 24% go less frequently, 23% resign themselves to a more crowded experience, and 21% become dissatisfied. King salmon angling use. Guides reported that several factors affect when, where, and how long they fish for kings, including personal knowledge, personal success from recent days, and seeing others having fishing success. Nearly all agreed that "being first" at a hole is important and that king fishing generally diminishes through the day. Because of this, it may be challenging to address crowding by redistributing use in space or time. Development actions. Among all groups, there is majority support (usually 60 to 75 for development actions including new launches on the lower river, launch improvements on all three segments, new or improved restrooms, and improved trails or bank fishing platforms (especially if this allows some closed angling areas to be reopened). Education and regulation actions. There is majority support (but typically less than 60 for education and regulation actions related to boating safety, including no wake zones or "driving lanes" in congested areas, and requirements for all boat users to wear PFDs. However, powerboat user support for all these actions is more qualified and most powerboat guides oppose them. Powerboaters oppose (but guides support) requiring operators pass a written test for a Kenai "boating license." "Drift only" issues. Majorities of driftboat users (80 driftboat guides (85 and bank anglers (55 support additional "drift- only" days on the Lower and Middle River (there is one day a week of "drift only" use during the king season now), while majorities of powerboat users (50 and powerboat guides (70 are opposed. Opinions about "drift only" days on one segment at a time suggest "compromise" options may be workable. There was little consensus about the best times for "drift only" days, but DRAFT Re dune 2010 Fagaiv ectreat €6 support is greatest in higher density periods. The study also reviews other issues that need to be addressed if additional drift only days are considered. Use limit actions. Similar to the 1992 study, about 68% of users say they would never support boating use limits or they are not needed now, while about 20% might support them (depending upon how the permit system works) and 10% believe they are necessary now. Among those who might support limits, over 80% want limits to freeze or reduce use. Support for specific use limit actions depends largely on who the action would limit. Unguided users support limits on guides or guided use, while opposing limits on all use (which would include them). Guides oppose limits on guides or all users, with the exception of Upper River guides, who support limits on unguided users (guides are already limited on the most popular segment of the Upper River). There was little support for an all -user registration system that might be used to help redistribute use through information. Less than 20% of users provided estimates of capacities; among those who did, estimates were similar to current averages on high use (but not peak) days. Guided unguided use issues. In response to statements about guided and unguided use issues (developed in focus groups), there is general agreement that some guides can be aggressive and that the number of guided boats can detract from experiences. Similarly, many groups agree that some unguided users have inadequate boats, equipment, or skills for high density fishing. Responses help understand use conflicts, suggesting improved education regulation options might diminish some "frictions" between groups. There is also agreement about "sharing the burden" of reducing overuse, although groups disagree on specific actions. Most disagreements appear to be based on "reasonable self-interest" in their own chances of improved conditions or lost access. Fees. Just under half of all users are willing to pay user fees; drift anglers were the only group with a majority reporting a willingness to pay. Of those willing to pay in 2009, average amounts were $5 to 7 per day and $40 to 50 per season. Visual impacts from riversides development. Most users favor current levels of development (about 55 or reductions (about 20 Of those favoring more development, most prefer slight increases, and less than 5% prefer doubling or tripling development (which current regulations allow). Final comments The preceding chapters document use and impact levels on the Kenai River and support for management actions that might be used to address them. Taken together, information supports a common narrative about the Kenai: there are times and places where use and impacts diminish the quality of experiences, and the river is "not what it used to be Results also show considerable support for some actions (particularly development and education) to address these problems, but more divided opinion about several regulation options, changes in the type of use (e.g., more drift -only times /segments), or use limits (for guides or all users). Kenai recreation use is a classic "tragedy of the commons" situation there is no incentive for individuals or groups to constrain its own growing use, even though the collective impacts may inevitably degrade the resource. The study provides agencies, stakeholders, and the public use information to make conscious decisions about the kind of recreation opportunities and conditions they want on the Kenai River. The goal should be "management by design" rather than "management by default." DRAFT Report F Page v tatit limit Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 Study objectives 2 2. Methods 7 Agency use information and "count" programs 7 Fieldwork 7 Focus groups and interviews 8 On -site survey 8 Follow -up surveys 10 User follow -up survey 10 Guide survey 1 1 Landowner survey I I Survey sample sizes 12 Analysis 12 Reporting 12 Cautions and study context 12 3. Use Information Characterizing 2009 14 Factors influencing use levels 14 Salmon runs and fishing success 14 Weather 16 Flowsand flooding 16 Economic downturn 17 Other potential factors 17 Use level estimates 18 Effort and harvest on the entire river 18 Lower River 19 Middle River 22 Upper River 24 4. A Profile of Kenai River Users, Landowners, and Guides 28 Categorizing respondents 28 Activities and segments 28 Percent reporting opportunities 29 Most important opportunities 30 Guided vs. unguided use 32 Camp on the river 32 Types of boats 33 Land ownership and property characteristics 35 Age and gender 36 Alaska residents 36 Hosting and visitation information 37 Experience on the river 38 Trip characteristics 39 Group size 39 Trip lengths 39 Typical boating segments 39 DRAFT Report „lune 2010 Page vi Trip characteristics 40 Target species and fishing statistics 40 Non -angler activities 42 5. Lower River King Fishing Trends 43 Factors influencing fishing locations 43 Early morning fishing success 44 Fishing techniques 44 King salmon trends in recent years 45 6. On -river Crowding, Impacts, and Use Impact Relationships d6 Perceived crowding 46 Perceived crowding by segment season group "context" 47 Crowding comparisons with other resources 49 Crowding during different parts of a trip 51 Impacts and tolerances 52 Reported impacts 53 Tolerances for impacts 56 "Impact problems" 60 Use impact relationships 60 Other relationships among on -site survey variables 67 Crowding and Satisfaction 67 What impacts influence crowding? 67 7. Issue Importance 70 For all users 70 Differences between user groups 71 For guides 73 8. Responding to Crowding 75 General crowding measure 75 Responses to crowding 76 9. Changing Conditions, Past Use, and Displacement 79 Overall trip quality and management 79 Past use and displacement 80 10. General Management Strategies 83 User opinions toward general management strategies 83 Differences between user groups 84 Landowner opinions toward general strategies 84 Guide opinions toward general management strategies 85 I I Recreation Facility Development Maintenance Actions 86 Development actions for the entire river 87 Development actions on specific segments 88 Integrating development findings 89 DRAFT F eport June 2010 Page vii 12. Education and Regulation Actions 91 Education regulation actions for the entire river 92 Education regulation actions for different segments 94 Integrating education and regulation actions 95 13. "Drift- only" issues 97 General support opposition for "drift- only" days 97 How many additional "drift only" days? 98 Preferences for days of the week 98 Preferences for months 98 Prospective use of "drift only" days by guides 99 Developing "drift only" alternatives 101 Conceptual and process issues 101 Specific considerations for drift-only alternatives on the Kenai 102 14. Capacities and Use Limit Actions 105 Background 105 Philosophy toward use limits 106 Should limits reduce, freeze, or increase use? 108 Opinion toward a daily boat registration program 109 Opinion toward parking time limits 110 Specific use limit actions Lower River 1 1 1 Specific use limit actions Middle River 112 Specific use limit actions Upper River 113 Estimating boat and guide boat capacities 114 Lower River boat capacities 114 Lower River guide boat capacities 116 Upper River boat capacities 118 Other comments on use limit actions 119 Recommended use level monitoring 121 Lower River 121 Middle River 121 Upper River 121 15. Guided /Unguided Use lssues 123 Statements about guides 123 Statements about unguided users 124 Statements about other guided /unguided use issues 126 Other differences between guided unguided users 127 Other information about guided use 127 Other comments on guided unguided use issues 131 16. User Fees 133 Opinions about user fees 133 Other fee considerations 134 17. Non Recreation Development Issues 135 Preferred levels of development 135 Opinions toward land use regulations and permitting 137 DRAF-T Report duna, 2010 Recreation 18. Concluding comments 138 19. Supplemental Report Sections 140 20. References 141 Report June 2010 Page €a 1. Introduction The Kenai River is widely known as one of the most outstanding recreation resources in Alaska. It has world record Chinook salmon, large runs of Sockeye and Coho, outstanding rainbow and Dolly Vanden fisheries, abundant wildlife, spectacular scenery, and interesting whitewater. With multiple access points for bank, float, and powerboat use, the Kenai attracts local, state, national, and international use. This popularity has led to high use densities at some times and places, and the Kenai is considered one of the most crowded fishing rivers in the country. For at least three decades, river managers have been challenged by the social and biophysical impacts of high recreation use on the Kenai. Several agencies or governmental organizations have (sometimes overlapping) management responsibilities on the Kenai, including the Division of Parks and Outdoor Recreation in the Alaska Department of Natural Resources (hereafter referred to as State Parks), Alaska Department of Fish and Gagne (ADF &G), U.S. Forest Service (FS), U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), Kenai Peninsula Borough (KPB), the cities of Kenai and Soldotna, and the Alaska Board of Fisheries. State Parks is the lead managing agency for recreation use on the river and adjacent state land, which includes several State Park units. Designated as a "Special Recreation Management Area" (KRSMA) in 1984, State Park responsibilities include Kenai Lake 04,500 acres); the Upper River (17 miles); Skilak Lake (25,000 acres); the Middle River (29 miles), and the Lower River (25 miles, ending about 4 miles from the mouth at Cook Inlet). State Parks prepared an initial Comprehensive Management Plan in 1986, focusing on facility development, fish and wildlife habitat protection (particularly regulations to control development in riparian zones), and boating regulation (horsepower limits and non motorized zones). Plan implementation included a "carrying capacity" study in 1992 -93 (hereafter referred to as the 1992 study), which documented several "impact problems" and support for management actions. A Comprehensive Plan revision in 1997 addressed continuing issues related to recreation use, including facility needs, motorized vs. non motorized use, bank vs. boating use, commercial vs. non commercial use, bank erosion from powerboats, and riparian degradation from bank anglers. The 1997 Plan also identified the need for periodically collected information about recreation use and impacts, including a user survey. Since adoption of this Plan, monitoring or other studies by agencies have addressed some of these needs, but State Parks was interested in a more comprehensive study. A 2004 settlement to litigation regarding proposed Kenai guide limits required additional information about river use and impacts before such limits could be considered. The Alaskan Legislature provided funding for the study in 2008 and it was conducted in 2009 -10. This report provides an overview of major findings and implications for management. It integrates information from focus groups, fieldwork, surveys, and previous studies to assess the "state of recreation" on the river and suggest ways that problems might be addressed. A supplemental report offers additional information about methods and results, including: I. Use information; 2. Fieldwork; 3. Focus group notes; 4. Survey methods; 5. Additional on -site survey results; 6. Additional follow -up survey results; 7. Verbatim comments from surveys; 8. Notes from field technicians; 9. Excerpts from Forest Service bear incident report Study information will be considered by State Parks, the KRSMA Advisory Board, other agencies, stakeholders, and the public before additional recreation management actions are implemented. Study objectives The overall goal of the study was to describe user and trip characteristics, use levels. impacts, impact tolerances, attitudes toward management strategies, and acceptability of specific management actions. The study was primarily directed at `recreation experience" issues rather than "biophysical" impacts (e.g., bank trampling, boat erosion, hydrocarbon impacts), although respondents were asked about the importance of these issues and some management actions that could be used to address them. The study replicated parts of the 1992 capacity study, but also addressed more recent issues, and collected more specific information about use impact relationships and support for specific management actions. Study objectives included: Describe "study year" use patterns, focusing on daily and at- one -time estimates to compare with survey findings, and developing specific use impact relationships. Summarize trends in use patterns based on existing agency data to provide context for study year information. Summarize "study year" weather, fish escapement, angler effort and harvest, and other potential factors that may influence local, statewide, or out -of -state use. Describe specific geographic distributions of drift and power boat use at high density times and locations. Describe user and trip characteristics for different groups. Assess overall importance of management issues for user groups, segments, and seasons_ Assess overall evaluations of use levels and perceived crowding. Describe reported impact levels and impact tolerances for user groups, segments, and seasons. Compare reported impacts with tolerances to define "impact problems." Develop relationships between reported impacts and use levels at specific times and locations (segments and sub segments). Assess public support /opposition for several general strategies and specific management actions that might be used to address impact problems. Assess place and time displacement of current river users due to crowding or other impacts, and describe potential resource /activity substitutions (that may affect use on other regional rivers). Assess proportions of users employing different "coping" strategies when faced with crowding, conflict, or impacts greater than tolerances; Ensure that all information is collected for representative samples of major Kenai user groups: drift, power, and bank anglers; non anglers, guides, and landowners; Collect and organize information by user group, segments, and seasons. The three major study segments are identified in Map 1; more detailed maps for the three segments follow. Compare findings from the present study with those from 1992 when possible. Provide opportunities for agencies (e.g., ADF &G, KPB, USFS, and USFWS) and regional stakeholders (e.g., sport fishing groups, guides, environmental groups, local businesses, and landowners) to help develop issues, impacts, and management strategies to be addressed in the study. DRAFT e ort ^June 2010 Page 2 Note: Several Kenai management issues are beyond the scope of the study, including personal use fisheries at the mouth (outside the KRSMA boundaries); allocation between sport, commercial and subsistence fisheries; fishing regulations (the purview of the Board of Fisheries); and land management decisions on non -state lands (although results may help federal and local governmental agencies with their decision making). DRJAFT Report Juste 2010 Map 1. Kenai River segments (as used in this report). Pillars Tidal limit Honeym Cove E Map 2. Lower Kenai River (River Mile 5 to 21). Middle Kenai River SterJin So d. tna Soldotna Swiftwatc Bridge Park Soldotna Horgan: s1.anding Funny River SRS Kenai National Wildlife Refuge '3p 3. from Sons ra Badge Stef' (Ri'jer I:! 2 1 to 36). Moose Rrv° Middle Kenai River Izaak Walton Skilak Lake to Sterling Sterling Rinds .ndin Naptowne Rapids Firs: .tole Kenai National Wildlife Refuge Second Hole Third Hole Kenai Keys I.oWOF St Torpedo Hotels R IY@t Hotr =Thompsoi s Hole Kifley River Super Fick Kenai National Wildlife Refuge Rainbow A:lcy Skilak Lake, Map 4. Middle Kenai River from Sterling to Skilak Lake (River Mile 36 to 50). Kenai National Wildlife Refuge Russia Campg Map 5. Upper Kenai River (River Mile 65 to 82). Kenai a 2. Methods Several types of information were collected during the study. Summaries of method components are provided below; additional information is available in the supplemental report sections on I) focus groups; 2) use information; 3) fieldwork; 4) onsite -survey methods; and 5) follow -up survey methods. The chapter concludes with several cautions about study findings. Agency use information and "count" programs Several agencies operated independent use monitoring or "count" programs that helped summarize use during the study year or place that year in a larger context. Information sources are listed below; additional details are provided in the supplemental report on use information: Boating and user counts on the Upper River collected by a photo time lapse program (2004) or through "exit interviews" in 1994, 1999, and 2004 by USFWS. Angler effort and harvest data collected by ADF &G creel surveys from previous years. Weekly fishing report assessments by ADF &G during Chinook season. Daily boat counts on the Lower River collected by ADF &G from mid -May through July. Salmon run information (escapement) collected by ADF &G for the study year and previous years. Guide information collected by State Parks. Aerial boat counts conducted for hydrocarbon monitoring by Kenai Watershed Forum and /or Department of Environmental Conservation. Russian River Ferry and Sportsman's launch and parking information (USFWS concession). Russian River Campground and Day Use information. Daily Pillars launch and parking information. Monthly use information from State Park units (e.g., Cooper Landing, Morgan's Landing, Bing's Landing, Izaak Walton). State Park ranger counts of bank anglers and boats on selected days. USFS staff counts of bank anglers in specific zones in the Russian River confluence area. Use information was collected in databases that allowed comparisons across different sources, and links to impact information from on -site surveys. Graphs and descriptive statistics were developed to describe seasonal, weekly, and time of day use patterns for different segments. Fieldwork This study expanded field data collection from the 1992 study to ensure "at- one -time" use estimates for specific river segments could be associated with the on -site survey information. In addition to the count programs described above, "at -one- time" boat, trailer, and parking counts were conducted by study technicians at all sampling locations. Several specific observation stations were also established to improve information about geographic distributions of specific types of users (e.g., different craft, anglers using different fishing techniques, guide /non -guide proportions) within certain segments. Stations and protocols are provided in the supplemental report on fieldwork. Periodic fieldwork was also conducted on all three segments during the 2009 season to provide context for study findings. This included on -land, floating, and powerboating trips with ADF &G and State Parks field staff. Trips focused on photographing typical use patterns, impacts, and facilities; learning about ADF &G count programs; interviewing users; and developing supplemental observations of sub segment use patterns. Additional information about fieldwork is provided in a supplemental report. DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 7 On -site survey DRAFT Report June 2010 ton fu? Focus groups and interviews -a cat;orl A series of meetings or interviews with agency staff, stakeholders, and user groups were conducted from January to March 2009 to review issues and help develop survey items. The primary purpose was to review: Conclusions from the 1992 study and 2002 monitoring program, then develop priorities for this study; Impact "indicators" studied in 1992 and 2002, then help decide which should be replicated; Management strategies studied in 1992 and develop new actions to be assessed in this study; Use and field work data collection options. Focus group meetings were conducted with guides (2 meetings); Kenai River Sport Fishing Association; Kenai Area Fisherman's Coalition; landowners who live on the Kenai Peninsula; landowners who live in Anchorage; Cooper Landing area residents (landowners and guides); long -time users in the Anchorage area (recruited from Alaska Outdoor Forum); and agency staff or KRSMA river use committee members (including staff from ADF &G, State Parks, USFWS, USFS, KPB or other non governmental organizations such as Kenai Watershed Forum). Additional interviews were conducted with individual guides, Kenai Guide Academy instructors, local Chamber of Commerce staff, and landowners. Candidates for focus groups and interviews were developed with assistance from leaders of formal stakeholder groups, KRSMA board members, and other experienced users identified by agency staff. The goal was to have participants represent a diversity of opinions within the identified groups, but many had broad experience with several segments and types of uses. Focus groups ranged from 4 to 15 participants; they were conducted with a single facilitator (Doug Whittaker), and several were attended by agency observers. Interviews were conducted by phone or in person by Whittaker. Interviews and focus groups were structured to cover a full range of topics; the supplemental report on focus groups includes notes from the sessions. Focus group participants and interviewees were invited to pre -test survey instruments. Notes from the focus groups are included in the supplemental report. The on -site survey used similar methods to those employed in the 1992 study. Technicians were provided with a "roving" sampling schedule designed to survey groups of users (bank anglers as they fish and boat based anglers as they take -out) at several locations on each segment through seasons (defined after discussions with stakeholders and agencies). Technicians surveyed one person per group (e.g., I person per bank angler group, 1 person per boat) chosen randomly. The technician provided respondents with a one -page survey about users' trips, overall trip and crowding evaluations, and impacts, focusing on evaluations of that day's trip. In some instances, technicians read questions and recorded responses (because respondents were busy de- rigging boats or bank fishing). The survey also asked for contact information (email or mail address), which gave users the opportunity to complete a follow -up survey (see below). 2009 on -site sampling targeted users during angling seasons, but also sampled some non angling users (e.g., scenic rafters, wildlife viewers, campers) who are present during those times. The study did not focus on sampling during the non fishing seasons (e.g., before trout season opens on the Upper River). The on -site survey did not target personal use fishery (dip -net) users at the mouth of the river and outside KRSMA (although some boat -based dip- netters launch upstream and were included in the sample). The overall goal of the on -site survey was to represent the diversity of 2009 users on the Kenai River, which is related to several variables: Geography (Upper, Middle, and Lower rivers, and by location within those segments) Activity (powerboat anglers, driftboat anglers, bank anglers, and non anglers) Type of use (guided vs. unguided) Time of year (primarily delineated by salmon run timing) Day of the week (primarily weekends vs. weekdays, plus special regulation days) Time of day The on -site survey sampling goal was to ensure that the sub- groups of interest had a sample of about 30 for descriptive statistics and analysis. For larger sub groups (e.g., all Lower River powerboaters), the goal was sample sizes about 200, which provide "margin of error" about +8% (at the 95% confidence level). Sample sizes of 400 (for larger -still groups such as "all bank anglers produce a margin of error about +5 The 2009 sampling effort had several elements, including: Segment stratification (roughly equal sampling effort by the three segments) Type of day stratification (weekends vs. weekdays); Random sampling by specific days within weekend /weekday strata; Random sampling by time of day (in general, between 11 am and 8pm); Quotas that limited the number of surveys from any given location /time period to avoid "over sampling" a particularly high use setting; Professional judgments that defined the frequency of sampling by location and season to include a diversity of locations and maintain logistical efficiency for technicians. Minor adjustments based on in- season considerations (e.g., adding more powerboat sampling in late July and August in response to low use levels during king season; reducing some bank angling locations due to no or very low use). The supplemental report provides additional details about the on -site survey sampling plan. Sampling locations included 15 locations on the Lower River (Including Pillars, Centennial Park, Eagle Rock, Cunningham Park, Poachers Cove, and River Bend); 13 locations on the Middle River (including Bing's Landing, Swiftwater Park, Morgan's Landing, Izaak Walton, Kenai River Center, Rotary Park, Funny River, and Lower Skitak) and 6 locations on the Upper River (including Russian River Ferry /Sportsman's, Jim's Landing, Sterling Highway turnouts, Russian River campground /day use area, and Upper Skitak). The supplemental report provides additional information about sampling effort and response by location and month. The bank anglers sample included roughly equal samples from both red runs and periods outside red salmon season. The powerboat sample had unexpected lower numbers from the king runs due to poor king returns, the economic downturn, and flooding in late July; we adjusted sampling to capture more powerboat anglers after July. The driftboat sample was larger than expected because of high use levels on the Upper River. In total, the 2009 study surveyed 2,180 users on -site (including 896 bank anglers, 466 powerboat anglers, 691 driftboat anglers, and 127 non anglers). The survey was conducted over 428 time and location specific "sessions" (totaling 671 hours) at over 30 different locations on over 90 days from late May through late September (34% of hours on the Lower River, 31% on the Middle River, and 35% on the Upper River). Table 2 -1 provides the number of on -site users contacted, the percent who completed DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 9 surveys, and a "cooperation rate." It also shows the proportion of users who gave addresses for follow -up surveys. Table 2 -1. Onsite survey contacts, refusals, completions, and cooperation rate. Contacted' Refused Completed Cooperation rate Provided addresses for follow-up Follow -up surveys User follow -up survey Bank anglers 91 96 91% Drift boat Powerboat Non anglers Total anglers anglers 987 709 527 18 97% 63 88% 302 (65%) ,cations 4, 14 27 90% 2,364 185 2 Content for the on -site survey was developed from the 1992 study and revisions were suggested by focus groups and interviews. The survey was pre tested by focus group participants and agency staff. Technicians were trained to provide a consistent approach to users and preamble about the survey. A one -page "frequently asked questions" (FAQ) brochure was available for interested participants; it described the study, the confidentiality of responses, and contacts for more information. The supplemental report on onsite methods provides the on -site survey instruments, survey protocols, and FAQ. On -site survey analysis used sampling and stratification variables (e.g., type of user, target species, guided /unguided, high use days vs. low use days) to conduct comparative analyses. In general, statistics for small sub groups were reported separately only when differences were statistically significant and substantively important (as discussed when results are presented). As with the 1992 study, the 2009 study included a follow -up survey that allowed more detailed questions. The follow -up survey was sent to a sample within each group of onsite respondents, a sample of landowners, and all guides (details below). All follow -up surveys included questions about user and trip characteristics, issue priorities, responses to crowding, past use and potential segment or activity displacement, support for general management strategies, support for specific management actions, "drift- only" issues, guided unguided use issues, and visual impacts from development. Most of these topics were addressed in the 1992 study, but many questions were modified or added after focus groups and agency input. The guide survey included additional questions about king salmon fishing trends and "drift only" issues; the landowner survey included additional questions about properties and trespass issues. Respondents could take the survey on -line or by mail. On -line respondents were sent one email invitation and three reminders. Mail survey respondents were sent the survey and a cover letter, a post card reminder, and two additional reminders (the last containing a replacement copy of the survey in case they misplaced the first). DRAFT Report a June 2010 Page 10 In total, 1,650 on -site respondents provided email or mail addresses, 126 were illegible or duplicate addresses (because some people were surveyed more than once) and 221 were "bad addresses" (returned undeliverable by regular mail or bounced by email). This provided a total follow -up survey sample frame of 1,303 potential respondents; of these, 852 or 65% returned completed surveys. This was similar to the response rate for the 1992 study (68 Additional information about the sample is provided in the supplemental report on follow -up survey methods. A series of questions asked survey respondents to identify their l'` and 2n most important recreation opportunities (and any others that they do). Results were used to group respondents into the four primary user groups (bank angler, drift boat angler, powerboat angler, or non angler; see details in supplemental report). Of the 852 follow -up survey respondents, 318 were hank anglers, 274 were driftboat anglers, 191 were powerboat anglers, and 69 were non anglers. This method of categorizing users was different than for the 1992 study, which grouped users by the activity they were doing and the segment they were visiting on the day of the onsite survey. The 1992 method limited information about other segments and activities and may have "artificially" grouped users; the 2009 method allows users to self- identify their most important activities and segments. Guide survey State Parks had a list of 385 registered guides for 2009, which included outfitters, guides, and a few other commercial service providers (e.g., shuttle services, rental boats, etc.). All were sent an invitation to take the survey on -line or through the mail. In total, 43 addresses were undeliverable, so the final sample frame was 242. Completed surveys were received from 218 individuals, a response rate of 64 This was slightly lower than the 1992 response rate of 76 although that survey was only sent to a sample of guides, so the total samples size in 2009 was higher (218 vs. 143). Using other information from the State Parks guide database, we were able to do a non- response check. Our final sample was representative regarding the proportion of fishing guides, Alaskan residents, and independent guides (as opposed to those who work for an outfitter). Based on the same questions about Is' and 2i most important opportunities, the final sample included 157 powerboat guides, 48 driftboat guides, and 13 scenic raft guides or other commercial service providers. Details are provided in the supplemental report. Landowner survey Kenai Peninsula Borough (KPB) estimates there are approximately 3,500 properties along the Kenai River (most along the Middle and Lower Rivers). KPB provided a random sample of 200 landowners on the Lower and Middle River; all landowners with property adjacent to public easements; and all landowners on the Upper River (because there are only 82). From this initial sample of 682, 188 were removed because they were duplicates, corporations, or governmental agencies (we only wanted to send surveys to private individuals). We sent a postcard invitation to take the survey to the 494 remaining. Of these, 32 were "bad addresses," providing a final sample frame of 462. Completed surveys were received from 208 individuals (a response rate of 45 including 81 from the Lower River, 108 from the Middle River, and 19 from the Upper River. Thirty -five were landowners adjacent to easements. This was lower than the 1992 response rate of 74 although that survey was sent to a smaller sample of landowners (200), so the total samples size in 2009 was higher (208 vs. 147). Based on the same questions about "most important opportunities," the final sample 2010 S:i:on "u .y_ included 74 bank anglers, 14 driftboat anglers, 99 powerboat anglers, and 21 non anglers. Details are provided in the supplemental report. Survey sample sizes Taken together, follow -up surveys were completed by 1,278 individuals, including 852 users, 218 guides, and 208 Landowners. Table 2 -2 provides sample sizes by types of users. Table 2-2. Sample sizes by types of users for the follow -up user, guide, and landowner surveys. Bank anglers Driftboat anglers Powerboat angers Non anglers Total Reporting Users 8 274 Cautions and study context Guides 48 Landowners 1005 Total 74 335 Analysis This primary study report integrates information from components of the study; the supplemental report provides additional detailed information (e.g., results for different subgroups, the full range of questions in the survey, verbatim open -ended comments etc.). Analysis was based on recreation research protocols, including those used in the 1992 study and 2002 monitoring on the Kenai, and several other studies of Alaskan and Lower 48 rivers. Unless differences are small, analyses separate relevant sub- groups. This strategy avoids characterizing an "average user who doesn't exist" (Schaefer, 1976), addresses concerns about unequal group sample sizes, and helps show how management actions might affect different groups. It also creates some artificial divisions between users that may encourage polarization (e.g., driftboaters vs. powerboaters, guided vs. unguided users). Additional information on specific analyses is provided as results are presented. Presentations of results and implications were made to I) the KRSMA river use committee and 2) at a public meeting in February 2010, allowing feedback on concerns or additional analysis. A draft report (this document) will be presented to KRSMA advisory board for internal review in April 2010. The final report is expected in June 2010. Study results apply to 2009 conditions and users. The study provides information from Kenai users in 2009 a "snapshot" of conditions and user attitudes from one year. For the onsite survey, information from previous years has been reviewed to help put study findings in context. For the follow -up survey, responses reflect evaluations of the river or management actions that are probably not dependent on year to -year variations. This issue is explored through comparisons to 1992 study findings. The study explores a full range of management actions, including controversial ones. To be comprehensive, the study included several actions that are unpopular with some groups or agencies. DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 12 Effective management actions usually involve "costs money, time, agency effort, or restrictions on how people use the river. As the adage goes, "if the choices were easy, they would have already been made." The study does not advocate specific action, but tries to clarify their trade -offs identifying what problems they may address (e.g., problems they may address, new problems they may create, which groups would benefit). Managing agencies (and specifically State Parks through its KRSMA advisory board process) will consider study information when making management decisions, but will also integrate other information (e.g., biophysical studies, use trends, stakeholder and public input) through a public process. Issues are likely to be "handled" through programmatic decisions or case -by -case amendments to the existing plan. The study develops some management options and recommends specific monitoring. Some study results (or information from other rivers) suggest potential solutions that deserve additional attention. These suggestions provide a "starting point" for additional discussion among agencies, stakeholders, and the public. The study also recommends future monitoring that may help agencies or the public become better "calibrated" to use and impact levels, also intended as a "starting point" for agency consideration. The study generally focuses on State Parks responsibilities, but some issues cross jurisdictional boundaries. The Kenai has a complex management environment, and decisions by one agency can affect use and impact patterns that create problems for others. It is beyond the scope of this report to sort through jurisdictional challenges, so we generally discuss management solutions without assessing specific agency responsibilities. We encourage multi- agency decision making in these situations, even as we recognize these have their own difficulties. As study results are presented, our goal is to anticipate new problems or identify connections to past management decisions. Surveys are not "votes" on study issues. There is atendency to consider survey results as referenda on specific issues, but we caution against this. The purpose of this study is to provide information, identify group positions, and search for solutions that address problems (or share the burden of addressing them). In addition to studies, good planning integrates information from stakeholder input, public testimony at workshops and meetings, laws and legal mandates, and agency missions and regulations. The study assumes the overall goal of managing for a diversity of high quality recreation opportunities. The Kenai provides many recreation opportunities, including those with low, moderate, and high use levels. No particular opportunity is better or worse than others, but all opportunities cannot be provided on every mile of river. This means careful management is required to insure high quality. The study is designed to clarify differences among opportunities or management options; agencies make these judgments with public and stakeholder input through their planning processes. DRAF June 2010 ena; This chapter summarizes use and related information for 2009, and compares it to similar information from other years for context. A supplemental report provides supporting evidence and more detailed use or related information for specific fisheries, seasons, and locations. Other sections of the report (specifcally Chapter 5 on king salmon use trends, Chapter 16 on guide /unguided use issues, and Chapter 15 on use limits and capacities) also provide detailed use information or integrate it into discussion. Factors influencing use levels Salmon runs and fishing success Early king (Chinook) run clas an rrt y r otyfts 3. Use Information Characterizing 2009 This run is primarily tributary spawners; they arrive in early May and (by definition) the run ends July 1. It is historically much smaller than the late king run; the long term (1986 -2006) average in -river return is about 17,000 fish (with about 6,000 harvested or lost to catch release mortality). In 2009, sonar estimates suggest about 11,000 early run kings entered the river, making this a lower than average return. The timing of the run was normal, but started slowly; per day sonar counts did not exceed 100 fish until May 27. Counts exceeded 300 fish on only 15 days, with the sustained period of higher counts occurring from June 5 to June 14. Only three days exceeded 500 fish per day; the highest day was 603 on June 11. Fishing was generally "slow" through this run, with ADF &G creel information suggesting it took over 60 hours per unguided angler to catch a king in most weeks (the exception was the week of June 4, when the average was 37 hours). For guided anglers, it generally took about 40 hours per caught fish (with the best week at 23 hours per fish). Late king (Chinook) run This run is main stem spawners and much larger than the early run. By definition, kings entering the river after July 1 are categorized as late run fish. Fishing for the late run closes July 31, but a few kings continued to arrive after that date. Sonar counts were discontinued on August 3. The long term (1986- 2007) in -river return is about 42,000 fish (with about 13,000 harvested or lost to catch release mortality). In 2009, sonar estimates suggest only 25,700 fish entered the river, making it one of the poorest returns on record. The timing of the run was normal, but after an initial period of higher daily counts numbers dropped and did not rebound. Per day counts through the sonar exceeded 600 on most days through July 23, but averaged about 500 afterwards. Counts exceeded 1,000 fish on only 9 days, with the sustained period of higher counts occurring from July 11 to 22. The highest count was 1,249 on July 17. In an average year, counts will exceed 1,000 fish on over 20 days, and it is not uncommon for nearly half of those to exceed 1,500. In "good years," counts from 2,000 to 3,000 may occur on a handful of days. Fishing success was better than the early run as anglers were allowed to use bait, and success rates approached long term averages early in the month. It took unguided anglers about 8 to 21 hours to catch a king during this run, with the rate degrading through July (particularly in the last week of July). For guided anglers it took between 10 and 14 hours, with success rates following the same timing pattern. DRAFT Report June 2010 Patna 14 Early red (Sockeye) run The first red run is primarily Russian River spawners and is smaller than the late run. 2009 had about the same number of fish through the Russian River weir as the long term average of 52,000 fish. The run came in two distinct surges in 2009 (and appeared to coincide with neap tides). The first surge was substantial enough to meet escapement goals and allowed ADF &G to liberalize angler limits from 3 to 6 fish per day (on June 17, one week after fishing opened). ADF &G assesses creel for this fishery through its statewide harvest surveys which has not been published for 2009, but several sources suggest that success rates were good to excellent throughout this run, particularly on the Upper River (where most use is concentrated). However, several long term users remarked that fishing was also unusually good (and use levels were higher) for the early run at some Lower and Middle River locations (especially during the first week of the run). Lute red (Sockeye) run The second red run is substantially larger than the first. The long term average is about 900,000 fish through the sockeye sonar counter near Sterling Highway Bridge in Soldotna; the 2009 count was about 745,000 or 83% of the average. This run also arrived in two distinct surges, with peak counts from July 14 to 21 (averaging about 39,000 fish per day) and a shorter, smaller peak from July 27 to 31 (averaging about 32,000 per day). Per day averages did not exceed 8,000 fish until July 11, were about 13,000 fish per day between the peaks, and averaged less than 10,000 per day after the second peak. ADF &G statewide harvest survey results have not been published for 2009, but several sources suggest that success rates were fair to good in the early part of the run on the Lower and Middle River, but declined substantially after water levels rose about July 23 and then again in early August. On the Upper River, there were short periods of "excellent" red fishing from July 13 -15 (before the flooding) and from August 2 -15 (after flooding had subsided; it was not affected by the second flood). ADF&G statewide harvest surveys indicate the catch averages about 315,000 sockeye each year (1997- 2006), although this fluctuates from 217,000 (1998) to 389,000 (2005). Segment data suggest about 37% are caught in the Lower River; 36% downstream of Moose River on the Middle River; 13% upstream of Moose River on the Middle River; and 13% from the Upper River (the remainder come from unspecified locations). Longer term data from 1981 to present show percentages have been increasing on the Lower River and Middle River below Moose River, while decreasing upstream of Moose River and in the Upper River. Silver (Coho) runs ADF &G does not track silver returns via sonar, so in- season estimates are unavailable. Some sources suggested that 2009 silver success rates were "typical" although others suggest they were "better than average," particularly on the Lower River. Silver success rates appeared to slow from August 14 to 20 during a second round of flooding on the Lower and Middle River. Success rates for silvers on the Upper River (Heim, 2009) suggest the best fishing was from Aug 20 to Sept 3, but it never reached "good," "excellent," or "superb" levels. ADF&G statewide harvest surveys indicate Kenai silver harvest levels have recently averaged about 43,000 fish per year (1997- 2006), with about 59% caught in the Lower River, 21% in the Middle River, and 11% in the Upper River, and the remainder in lakes or unspecified locations. About 70% of silvers are harvested from the first run (which typically occurs from late July to late August 25, with a peak in DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 15 the Lower River about August 15). The second run is typically considered from late August through September, with a peak in the Lower River about September 15. Trout and Dolly Varden fisheries ADF &G assessments of trout and Dolly fisheries and success rates are not yet published for 2009, but several sources suggest that 2009 success rates were "typical" of recent years (and generally considered "excellent The highest use targeting these species is on the Upper and Middle Rivers. Fishing success ratings from the Upper River (Heim, 2009) suggest trout fishing was best from August 1 through September 6, and from September 14 -20. From ADF &G statewide harvest surveys, about 113,000 Kenai rainbow are caught each year (1997- 2006). Only about 2.5% of rainbow are retained; a shift to a catch and release fishery (in the mid- 1980s, 22 to 27% retained fish). About 11 are caught in the Lower River; 9% downstream of Moose River on the Middle River; 24% upstream of Moose River on the Middle River; 55% from the Upper River; and the remainder in unspecified locations. From ADF &G statewide harvest surveys, about 98,000 Dolly Varden are caught in the Kenai each year (1997 2006). About 6% are retained; a continuing shift toward a catch and release fishery (in the early 1990s, 15 to 34% retained fish). About 15% are caught in the Lower River; 9% downstream of Moose River on the Middle River; 22% upstream of Moose River on the Middle River; and 53% from the Upper River; and the remainder in unspecified locations. This is similar to the rainbow distribution. Weather Weather during 2009 was generally warmer and sunnier than average (particularly from May through mid August, and in late August through early September). Warmer temperatures and a substantial rainstorm in the Kenai Mountains in late July led to flooding that affected fishing success and access (and diminished use). A glacier dam outburst above Skilak Lake also created flooding on the Lower and Middle Rivers in mid-August. Flows and flooding Substantially higher than normal flows occurred during two distinct floods, from July 23 to August 8 (the "first flood and August 13 to 21 (the "second flood A third flood occurred in October 2009, but outside the study period. Figure 3 -1 graphs flow levels (and shows days with substantial rain), The first flood was caused by rain in the Kenai Mountains and affected the entire river, but with greater flooding on the Middle and Lower Rivers. Starting from typical mid- summer peak flows about 7,000 cfs at Cooper Landing and 14,000 cfs at Soldotna, the peak at Cooper Landing was 10,500 cfs on July 31; flows dropped below 8,000 cfs by August 4. At Soldotna, flows peaked at 24,000 cfs on August 1, and dropped below 18,000 cfs by August 8. The second flood resulted from a glacial lake outburst in the mountains above Skilak Lake, causing flooding only from the lake downstream a week after the first flood. At Soldotna, flows increased from 17,000 cfs to a peak of 26,000 cfs on August 17. The river returned to typical summer high flows (below 18,000 cfs) by August 21. Both floods inundated recreation facilities (docks, launches, and angler boardwalks /platforms) or made hank fishing in many areas challenging. ,e 2010 Page 15 Rea 1t1 GOO GOO Rood 5age120 feet oraLcat26,500cfs Pction stage 11.5feet crabout 23,800 (S Msen fru ellyflaq SNIYDH i` r: 3 tfaiw Gaia'NVnadvs intoSla'claie 2000 daily eons stiane 0 0 13 C 0 b `O, 'Q J6 A 40 4,0 )3 �c �c moo Economic downturn Other potential factors DRAFT Report Jun 's O 1 11t• b n t s 0g ,ec Figure 3-1. 2009 flow levels at Cooper Landing and Soldotna USGS gages. There was a major economic recession in the United States in 2009, which may have affected local and national visitation to the river. Alaska summer tourism visitation was down an estimated 7% (passenger arrivals) and the number of post- cruise land -based users (estimated to comprise two thirds of Southcentral Alaska tourism arrivals) was down about 13% (McDowell Group as reported by Bradner, 2009). On the follow -up survey for this study, guides were asked to estimate whether the number of client -days on the river were "substantially lower" -5 to -30 "lower" (0 to -5 "about the same," "higher" (0 to +5%), or substantially higher +5 to +30 than previous years. For all guides taken together, 20% reported "substantially lower," 34% reported "slightly lower," and only 6% "higher" or "substantially higher" (see supplemental report for more details). King salmon fisheries in the Susitna basin were closed due to poor returns early in 2009, which may have affected Kenai River fishing levels. When Kenai red salmon fishing opened on June 11, no other substantial Southcentral salmon fishery had opened previously. When this first red run appeared strong (and especially after limits were increased to 6 fish per day one week into the season), high latent demand led to high use levels. In contrast, when rod and reel fishing for the second Kenai red run peaked in mid -July, the July 10 -31 Kenai personal use fishery targeting reds at the mouth had been open for a week and was on track to having the highest use on record (despite flooding at the end of the month that made dipping challenging). aro Wnn Use level estimates on Stud Overall, the personal use fishery at the mouth appears to have substantially reduced fishing pressure among rod and reel anglers on the rest of the river over the past decade. The personal use fishery did not exist during the 1992 study, and the number of personal use "days fished" (people fishing x number of days) has more than doubled from 10,500 in its first year (1996) to just over 26,000 in 2009 (ADF &G, 2009). By definition, recreation use studies pay attention to use information. Forty years of capacity research shows that other factors besides use levels affect impacts, but use levels "drive" many impacts and are an integral part of recreation management. Accordingly, we have tried to profile use levels on the Kenai for various segments and seasons below. Most recreation use information is reported for large areas (e.g., for an entire river) or for long periods of time (e.g., for a month, season, or entire year). This is important for some management issues (e.g., total harvest estimates, economic impact analyses), but is less useful for assessing impacts at specific times or locations. It is important to include more specific use measures, each of which specify units (e.g., user days, people, or trips), timing (e.g., at one time, per day, per week, per month, per season), and location (e.g., at a launch area, in the entire segment, at specific attraction sites). For the Kenai, "at one time" or daily estimates for specific segments and sites are probably the most relevant for this report, although some annual or run- specific information is also provided. With all use information, the goal is to understand overall use patterns. However, visitor impact management tends to focus on peak levels, which is when impacts are more likely to reach "unacceptable" levels and require management attention. Use information comes from several sources (as noted when results are presented). Most use information is based on counts of boats, cars, or anglers at public facilities. There may be considerable bank use from private property that was not assessed in this study. Effort and harvest on the entire river s ADF &G statewide harvest surveys estimate about 315,000 angler -days of effort on the Kenai River each year from 1997 -2006. This is an increase over 1977 -1995 average of 278,000 angler -days. 2009 estimates will not be available until fall 2010. Segment distributions of angler effort (1997 -2006) suggest about 47% occurs in the Lower River; 26% in the Middle River (below Moose River); 12% in the Middle River (above Moose River); and 13% in the Upper River (with the rest unspecified by location). Species harvest on the Kenai (1997 -2006) suggests anglers keep about 16,000 kings; 225,000 reds; 43,000 silvers; 10,000 pinks (with large disparities in odd and even years); 3,000 rainbow; and 6,000 Dolly Varden per year. With rainbow and Dollies, many more fish are caught and released. DRAFT Report Page 18 Lower River Bank angling Bank angling on the Lower River during 2009 was highest during the second red run, but was also substantial during kings, silvers, and the first red run. Entire segment counts were not conducted, but site counts indicate use levels and patterns: Cunningham Park had rare bank angler use during red or king runs, but it had consistent use during silver season. Maximum 2009 bank angler counts were 22 at one time (Aug 21). With 230 feet of shore, this creates spacing of about 9 feet between anglers (assuming anglers are evenly spaced and an average width of 2 feet per angler). The beach across from Beaver Creek is a popular bank angling site (accessed from boats) during the second red run. An average of 14 anglers was observed at this site during second red run, with a high of 45. This beach also had similar high use levels (41) during silvers over Labor Day weekend. With a length of about 800 feet, spacing between anglers at these peak levels is about 16 feet. Eagle Rock has almost no bank anglers until silver season; then it averages about 4 at one time. River Bend campground has substantial bank angling use during the second red run, with up to 20 anglers at one time. RiverQuest properties offer some bank angling during the second red run, with up to 15 anglers at one time during peaks in 2009. Ciechanski SRS (immediately adjacent to RiverQuest) usually attracts only 2 to 3 bank anglers at one time during the second red run, but 15 were observed on one day. Big Eddy SRS typically had 5 to 10 anglers at one time during the second red run, but the island beach (directly across the river; accessible by boat) had as many as 41. That beach is about 680 feet long, so evenly distributed anglers at this peak equates with about 15 feet between anglers. Poacher's Cove may have 1 to 3 anglers in king or red seasons, but 14 to 16 were observed at Pipeline SRS (across the river) during the second red run. Centennial Park is a primary bank angling area during kings, reds, and silvers. King and silver fishing is concentrated near the boat launch parking lot; red fishing occurs along the entire property (usually clustered at stairwells down the bank). Average numbers at one time were 4 (with peaks about 10) during kings; 30 (with the peak of 47) during reds; and 21 (with a peak of 29) during silvers. The shore from boat harbor to trees is about 800 feet long; it provided spacing of about 15 feet during red peaks and 26 feet during silvers. Bank anglers visible from the Visitor Center boardwalks (including those under the bridge or fishing from private land across the river) averaged about 17 during the second red run (with a peak at 37). Boat -based angling Boat -based angling is highest on the Lower River during the second run of kings (July), but is also substantial during silver season. Some boats also access bank angling areas for reds during July. Accurate counts of boats during king runs are provided by ADF &G (four counts daily on a sample of days during first and second king runs) and overflight information (from the Kenai Watershed Forum turbidity hydrocarbon monitoring on three days in July). Parking counts at major launches through the entire season provided estimates of silver season boat use levels. Figure 3 -2 shows ADF &G boat counts for the 2009 king seasons. The figure reports the highest count for a given day (out of four counts daily; time of counts is randomized; the peak count is typically the first count that occurs after 6 am, when guides are allowed on the river). The figure also distinguishes between boats that are engaged in fishing vs. "active" boats (not fishing at the time of the count); and DRAFT Re o k Jua 2010 Page' 19 between "drift only Mondays" and all other days (fishing from a powerboat is prohibited on Mondays). Chinook sonar counts are also shown to help illustrate relative fishing success. nh J\^� 's> s. Figure 3 Highest daily boat counts (fishing active) during king season on the Lower River, 2009, Results suggest several findings about 2009 Lower River boating use during king season: Use increased through the season, peaking toward the end of July. If flooding had not occurred in the last week of July, use levels would probably have gone higher. Use levels on powerboat days during the first run (before July 1) rarely exceeded 100 boats at one time, but ranged around 150 to 350 in July (when bait is allowed and fishing success was considerably higher). Use levels tend to be highest on Saturdays (the weekend day when guides are allowed) and Tuesdays (after a day of lower fishing pressure due to "drift-only" fishing regulations). Counts from 2005 -2008 show common peaks on Tuesdays and Saturdays in late July were about 450 boats at one time, so 2009 peaks between 300 and 350 were lower by 20 to 30 Parking counts at the Pillars also show 2009 was a low use year. In recent years, the lot was closed (because it filled) nearly every morning the last three weeks in July; in 2009, this only happened on 3 days. Sundays had lower use than Saturdays; guides are not allowed to fish commercially on Sundays. The proportion of active boats averaged about 17% and was higher in late July (26 possibly because more boats had to search longer for good fishing locations. Use levels on "drift- only" days (which rarely exceeded100 boats) were considerably lower than powerboat days. On powerboat days, drift boats account for less than 2% of boat counts. Use on drift-only Mondays increased through July until the last week, which was affected by flooding. Count data suggests that the proportion of guided boats during "guide hours" (Tuesday through Saturday, 6 to 6) averaged about 65 with slightly higher proportions in the first run (67 than the second (59 The maximum number of guide boats in 2009 was about 210, but in other years may have reached 250 or 300. The maximum number of guided boats is probably more static than the DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 20 DRAFT Report June 2010 total number of boats, so the proportion of guided boats is sometimes lower on the highest use days. (See further discussion in Chapter 15 on guidedhmguided use issues). Pillars boat trailer counts during first run king season averaged 19 and never exceeded 34; during July they averaged 42 and never exceeded 62. The capacity of the parking lot is about 80 spaces; the number occupied by trailers vs. vehicles varies). Pillars trailer counts during silver season averaged 14, rarely exceeded 20, but had one unusually high day in mid- August (40). Based on this information (assuming Pillars trailers to ADF &G count ratios are similar in king and silver seasons), silver boat counts in 2009 probably averaged between 80 to 100 boats at one time and rarely exceeded 150. Assuming relatively even distributions, this would produce boat density averages of 4 to 5 per mile (with a maximum of about 7 per mile). Time of day patterns during high use king salmon runs can best be illustrated by the number of boats passing Eagle Rock per hour (counts conducted by the Kenai Watershed Forum). Figure 3 -3 shows a distinct peak in early morning followed by a declining limb through the rest of the day when guided powerboats are allowed (Sat. and Tues.). In contrast, the Sunday pattern shows no early morning peak and lower use levels overall, with "drift- only" Mondays having even lower use still. Boats ping per har Tara ;lcx *s a1 Lc a aTh bed ■Ackeshsy F wfran7 an to 7 pm TirFn n nichlly 6 arngideGfeang._ Surma Rift-only 0 Pi- OF 0 c A ..e ,y e ti e e a ro e ry e b e 4o e a e o° .00 ti� ti 4 p e b e e .e I c6. 6 e e d e ¢e .o° ti 4 4' n' n' 4 4 4 .9" 4' n' rn Jul17 SatJJ18 9.n Jul 19 Abn Jul 21 TueJi92f Figure 3-3. Overflight boat counts in mid -July showing example daily use patterns. 4.0 Explanations for these use patterns include: A large proportion of the "fishing fleet" (over half on Tuesdays through Fridays, and only slightly lower on Saturdays) is guided, which have a starting time defined by regulation (6 am). This dictates the timing of the main peak. Regulations require anglers who catch and keep a king to stop fishing for the day, so some boats leave the river as anglers catch fish. Unguided users who want to fish prior to the guide opening have a window between "first light" (about 3 to 4 am in July) and the 6 am guide opening, but many take -out after guides appear or after completing an average trip length (about 6 hours). Page 21 Fishing success may decline through the day. However, guides that offer two trips per day sometimes create a mid -day "bump," and some unguided users may wait until after guide hours (6 pm) to start an "evening session." Sundays do not show an early morning peak, and have less use overall. This is most likely due to the lack of guide boats, but church attendance might also slightly diminish use levels. Drift -boat Mondays show considerably lower use and no obvious peak. KWF overflight and ADF &G counts on these same days suggest that the early peak is less pronounced on some segments than others, with the early peak most likely to occur lower in the river (below Beaver Creek), which would be reflected in the Eagle Rock boats passing data (since most launches are upstream). This may have reflected tide timing on those days. Questions on the guide survey address some of these issues; see Chapter 5 on king salmon fishing use and trends. Sub- segment use patterns are also evident in the KWF data and ADF &G boat counts. In general, the highest densities (boats per mile) on high use days in 2009 were between the Sonar (RM 8.5) and Pillars (RM 12.3) and may exceed 25 boats per mile, but similarly densities are possible below the Sonar (when tides are conducive to fishing) or upstream of the Pillars (particularly from the Poacher's Cove to Honeymoon Cove). Additional discussion of boat distributions and their implications for management are provided in Chapter 5 on king salmon use and trends. Middle River Bank angling Bank angling on the Middle River in 2009 was highest during the second red run, but also occurred during the first red run and silvers. Segment counts were not conducted for bank anglers, but site counts indicate use levels and patterns. The highest levels at Swiftwater Park occurred during the second red run (average 17; peak 35). During the first red and silver runs, the average was 6 with peaks of 19 and 15, respectively. A bank angling area on Agri um property and the adjacent FWS access site averaged 11 anglers at one time during the second red run. Funny River Road anglers (including Kenai River Center, Rotary Park, and Funny River SRS) averaged 41 anglers through the second red run, with a peak of 85. Counts at Kenai River Center averaged 9 anglers (with a peak of 14) during the second red run; Rotary Park had 18 anglers during the tail end of the second red run, but none after flooding began. These areas were surveyed only during the second red run. Morgan's Landing averaged 16 anglers (peak of 25) during the second red run, but never exceeded 6 at other times. lzaak Walton averaged 14 anglers (peak of 17) during the second red run, but never exceeded 7 at other times. Sampling at Bing's focused on the launch area, which often had no bank anglers (and averaged under 2). However, a peak count at the "rapids hole" near Bing's Landing (public easement) had 25 anglers during the first red run. Boat -based angling Boat -based angling is highest on the Middle River during July and August, as anglers target kings, second run reds, early run silvers, and trout /Dollies. Unlike the Lower River, there is no systematic boat counting program, although State Parks rangers and overflight information (from the Kenai Watershed DRAFT Repol June 2014 Page 22 Forum monitoring) provide "spot counts" for certain segments. Parking counts at major launches, fieldwork counts, and shuttle company statistics also help indicate use levels and patterns. On three days in mid -July (Sat 18, Sun 19, and Tue 21), KWF overflights (5 per day) counted an average of 56 boats on the Middle River, with 28 (50 upstream from Kenai Keys. The peak count for the entire segment was 70 (at two different times on Saturday). The peak count above the Kenai Keys was 43. These counts produce an average of 1.9 boats per mile of the entire Middle River (29 miles), but use is not distributed evenly. There were about 1.0 boats per mile from Soldotna Bridge to Moose River; 1.4 boats per mile from Moose River to Kenai Keys; and 5.1 boats per mile from Kenai Keys to Skilak Lake outlet. Even the highest at-one -time counts on the highest use sub segment (Kenai Keys to Skilak) were only 7.8 boats per mile, far less than the 25 boats per mile found on parts of the Lower River. Boat counts from other days suggest boat levels may range higher than the KWF counts. On six days from mid -July through mid- September, rangers counted an average of 72 boats from Moose River to Skilak (5.3 boats per mile). Peaks from these counts were 98 on Saturday, July 25 and 91 on Labor Day Saturday (September 5). These peak densities were about 7 boats per mile over the longer Moose River to Skilak distance. It is likely that densities sometimes exceed 10 boats per mile on the higher use Kenai Keys to Skilak sub segment; this is supported by counts in "Rainbow Alley" (a roughly one mile reach near the lake outlet) on Sunday September 6 (Labor Day weekend), when the average was 9, with a range from 3 to 13. Ranger counts showed about 31% of boats in the Middle River were guided, with an average count of 23 and a high of 34. In July, guided boat counts never exceeded 10 (many guide boats were in the Lower River); in September, they averaged 29. 2004 FWS interview data from Bing's Landing and Lower Skilak show guided use makes up about 25% of all boats in July and this use is focused on the early part of the day (6 am to 2 pm); in October, guided use is about 22% of all use and is evenly distributed across the whole day. In both periods, powerboats made up about 80% of all use. Bing's Landing trailer counts suggest that use from June through mid- August (average of 16 per count) is generally lower than from mid August through mid- September (average of 26). The average over the whole season was 21. The highest count was 55 on September 12. Lower Skilak boat trailer counts on nine days during surveying averaged 12, with a peak of 22 in late August. Discussions with a Middle River shuttle service (Finch, 2009) suggest that higher trailer counts probably occurred on many days from mid -July through mid- September. The "first lot" down by the launch is typically at capacity with 12 to 15 trailers, and shuttle drivers reported frequently having to retrieve vehicles from Lot B (an additional capacity of 10 to 15 trailers) and sometimes Lot C (additional capacity of 20 to 30 trailers; although this was rarely full). They rarely saw trailers in Lot D. FWS monitoring tracked trailer and angler counts in late July 2004, reporting an average of 13, with a peak of 35. FWS counts also varied through the day, with peaks in mid- afternoon. These data also showed that some boats may be on the river (or lake) overnight (between 3 and 19, with an average of 9). Caribou Island or other Skilak property owners are encouraged to use Lower Skilak with its larger parking areas through a FWS 72 hour parking limit at Upper Skilak. 2004 FWS monitoring suggested a 60 to 40 ratio of boats from Bing's Landing vs. Lower Skilak on the Middle River, but 2009 counts suggest even higher use from Bing's. Neither 2004 and 2009 data account for use from private property on the Middle River; there are dozens of boats docked at private cabins on the reach. Shuttle counts from the Middle River (Finch 2009) offer additional evidence of seasonal and segment use patterns. The company averaged 3.1 shuttles per day over the entire season (from May through September), but averaged less than 1 per day in May and June, just over 3 in July and just over 5 in DRIFT Report June 2010 rage September. The most popular shuttle was from Skilak to Bings (76 but 13% had trailers shuttled from Skilak to Izaak Walton (13 and Skilak to Centennial Swiftwater (9 Nearly all shuttles were driftboats. Time of day use patterns during mid -July are distinctly different from those on the Lower River, as illustrated in by KWF overflight counts. Figure 3 -4 shows that use builds quickly and is sustained through the day. Although guide hours are in effect, more varied target species and lower use levels may help distribute use more evenly over time. It of panetboats (franoaetllights) 0 0 o ti. <1" ne� 0 0 0. ∎N t0 SatJki 18 &m ad 19 DRAFT Repo. s June 2010 o o ti oo Tue .ki 21 Figure 3.4. Overflight boat counts in mid -July showing patterns on high use days. Upper River Bank angling Bank angling 011 the Upper River during 2009 was highest during the first red run, but also substantial during the second red run. There is relatively little bank angler use associated with silvers or trout/Dollies (except by bank anglers using boats for access). Segment counts were not conducted for bank anglers, but several sources indicate bank angling use levels. (Note that the study did not focus on Russian River anglers). Russian River ferry daily use probably provides the best indicator of Upper River bank angling use patterns, as shown in Figure 3 -5. Ferry use shows first red run use was higher than second run and silver season use, with peaks topping 1,300 anglers per day. The peak in the second run only reached about 500 per day. The graph also shows sharp drops during high water in late July. Daily ferry use levels are not perfectly correlated with "at one time" use on either side of the ferry. The number of ferry tickets is also partially driven by the time it takes anglers to catch their limit; Page 24 when the fishing is "hot," ferry turnover may drive the number of "tickets" more than the total number on the far shore. However, Ferry vehicle and passenger counts show a similar use pattern. Kenai Russian River Uses 1,900 tiso- 1,000 Traflimd Iaeaf rm pals m (kW R'a 5C) Feny n Mpjercaris C *enzem Gig Tree 0 i a ei r -avn x r r 0 42 e 0 �,c� �,c� o h 't}' r p sA ,0 re i\ ^a ,�1 s^ Q n�` it 0 vP' 4." 40 9 9 )ma so o so 9 9- 9- to PE A cF' s Q e Figure 3 -5. Indicators of bank angling use levels on the Upper River, 2009. Mcdercouts 270 15) 100 Forest Service angler counts on the Russian River side of the Kenai helped assess "at one time" use on this shore through the year. One "count zone" was between the Russian River confluence and a distinctive tree about 700 feet downstream traditionally the highest density bank angling location on the river when it is open (this is part of the "sanctuary Although highly correlated with daily ferry use (r 0.72), variation in counts at this site were sometimes surprising. For example, mid- afternoon counts on a Friday (150) were three times larger than a mid- afternoon count on the following Sunday (45). Nonetheless, counts showed a similar pattern to Ferry use: during the first red run, counts in this area were generally higher, averaging 98 anglers and peaking at 150. During the second run, the average was 45, with a peak of 112. In between runs, the average was 39 and the peak 47. At counts over 100 for this area, after considering the width of angler's themselves, spacing between anglers is about five feet. At counts of 150, distance between anglers is probably just over two feet, and probably feels like "shoulder to shoulder." At counts around 50, spacing between anglers approaches about 12 feet. Other counts on the Russian River side suggest there are lower densities as one moves downstream toward the Ferry and then past the powerline. Correlations between counts above and below the ferry were moderate (r 0.43), suggesting distributions along this shore may not be even. Counts of bank anglers on the island across from the Russian Confluence were also much lower and even less correlated with "confluence to tree" counts (r 0.5). Russian River day use parking (number of people and vehicles) was highly correlated with daily ferry use (r 0.92), showing a similar higher use pattern for the first run. However, onsite survey sampling suggested that relatively few Russian River day users actually fished the Kenai (most fished the Russian). Report June 2010 Page 25 Boat -based angling Boat -based angling (which includes anglers fishing from the shore accessed by boat) is highest on the Upper River during the two red runs, but can also be high during trout /Dolly and silver seasons in Late August and September. Like the Middle River, there is no systematic boat counting program, although parking lot counts at major launches, fieldwork counts, shuttle company statistics, and a 2004 FWS study help indicate use levels and patterns. o FWS concessionaires track daily Sportsman's launches, which is perhaps the most reliable daily indicator of boating use. As shown in Figure 3 -6, use was higher during the first red run, with an average of 52 boats launched per day and a peak of 107. In the second red run, the average was 24 with a peak of 55. After mid August during the trout /Dolly /silver season, the average was 27 with a peak of 48. o FWS data also show a distinct weekend peaking pattern (with higher use on Saturday than Sundays). With the exception of the first red run, weekend peaks tended to range between 30 and 50 launches per day while weekdays were usually under 20. Lau franSpat, cars Tra31iv91ae rel rui pEckm ltyg Rua �,c� e a h 'D. P 6 'gyp .0 A a' r b �.p, ,p ,p '�9' 0 N JC h oc v),-c• 1 1 y� s c P" P" Figure 3-6. Sportsman's Access Area launches on the Upper River, 2009. FWS interview information from Jim's Landing in 2004 suggests that about 55% of trips launch from Sportsman's, 33% from Cooper Landing, 10% from private land (mostly outfitters) in Cooper t,anding, and 2% from Jim's Landing to run the Canyon. A small percentage of trips may also put in at Cooper Landing and take -out at Sportsman's. Applying these percentages to 2009 Sportsman's data suggests that as many as 200 boats may have been on the river on the highest use Saturday during the first red run, but more typical first run averages (and weekend peaks during the second run and trout /silver season) were about 100 boats per day. On weekdays outside the first red run, typical daily totals are probably less than 50. 0 RAFT Report s June 2010 Page 26 !BC i{ n" sc'.- €ul Ttr 3 rit CMS These are similar use levels to those reported from the FWS photo counts just below the ferry in 2004 (which was comprehensive when the video cameras were working, but undercounts total use because it does not include boats that took out at Sportsman's or put in at Jim's). In 2004, the first red run average was 91, with a peak at 188 (compared to 2009 estimates of 100 and 200). In the second red run in 2004, the average was 78 and the peak was 144; after the red runs, the average was 71 with a peak of 123. 2009 estimates suggest slightly higher estimates on weekends, but lower estimates on weekdays. Trailer counts at Jim's Landing are another indicator of use and show a similar pattern. The first run average (44 with a peak of 65) was higher than the second (26 with a peak of 49) or the trout /silver season (average of 30 with a peak of 61). FWS 2004 video monitoring suggests that 34% of boats were rafts, 33% were driftboats, 21% were larger catarafts, 8% were small `fish cats," and 2% were canoes or kayaks. 2009 survey data show similar craft proportions (see user profile information). FWS 2004 data suggest about 31% of all boats were guided (16% on angling trips and 15% on scenic trips). About 55% were unguided trips (about 44% angling and 6% scenic). The remaining 15% were unable to be classified as guided /unguided or angling/scenic. Based on 2004 FWS video and Jim's Landing exit interviews, sampling at Jim's between noon and 7 pm (similar to those used by the 2009 study) covers about 72% of all boat trips. That data also suggests that take -outs are not evenly distributed, with highest take -out use between 3 and 7 pm (about 25% of daily launches take out in any given 2 hour period between those hours). About 15% of total daily use takes out between 1 and 3 pm. Shuttle counts from the Upper River (Wildman 2009) suggest that use in August and September may be higher than June and July. The company never exceeded 5 shuttles per day through July, but commonly exceeded 20 on weekends through September (with a peak of 30 on September 19). This service appears most popular among trout- focused driftboat users. RAFT Report June 2010 Page 27 4. A Profile of Kenai River Users, Landowners, and Guides This chapter summarizes important characteristics about users, guides, and landowners, and their trips on the river. It organizes information by the major "groups" used for analysis in the rest of the report. The supplemental report includes additional data from on -site and follow -up user, guide, and landowner surveys. Categorizing respondents For the on-site survey, users were categorized by the activity they were doing on the day they were surveyed (which dictated the survey form they received). The four types included: Bank anglers, including all anglers who did not use a boat during their trip; Powerboat anglers, including anglers who use a powerboat to access bank fishing areas; Driftboat anglers, including anglers who fish from rafts, cataracts, and drift boats even if they used kicker motors for parts of their trip; and Non anglers, including campers, hikers, wildlife viewers, and scenic rafters. Responses to other questions were also used to categorize respondents, including: Segment of river when surveyed (Lower, Middle, Upper); Target species (especially kings, reds. or "other" [which included silvers, pinks, trout, and Dollies); Whether the user was on a guided trip. For the follow -up survey, users, guides, and landowners were categorized by the type of activity they self identified as their "most important." The five choices included: Bank angling (including personal use fishing from shore); Powerboat angling (including personal use fishing from a boat); Driftboat angling; Scenic boating; and Other non angling activities, including camping. If a respondent did not indicate a "most important" activity, we reviewed other information to determine their user category (see details in supplemental report). Responses to other questions were also used to categorize respondents, including: Segment of river (identified in their "most important" activity /segment; Type of boat they use; Whether they always /sometimes /never take guided trips; Whether they own land along the river (and on which segment); and Alaska residency. Activities and segments Respondents were asked to identify which activities and segments they used on the Kenai River, as well as their first and second most important activities and segments. DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 28 Percent reporting opportunities ti#VI #Yr£ rf SSe �z 4.YSSV i 3uj e" 6 tons For users and landowners, Table 4 -1 shows the percent reporting activities on specific segments. Results highlight the diversity of trips that people take, and support having respondents self identify their most important type of trip. Other findings include: Relatively fewer bank anglers take boating -based trips compared to the number of boating -based anglers that take bank angling trips. There is considerable "crossover" between driftboat and powerboat angling trips, although majorities in each group do not participate in the other. There is less "crossover" between angling and scenic rafting, although 20% of driftboat anglers have taken Upper River scenic rafting trips. Landowners have a activity segment profile similar to powerboat anglers. Table 4-1. Percent engaging in activity segment "opportunities" by major groups. Note: Percentages within groups can exceed 100 because users could check "any that apply." DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 29 Bank anglers Driftboat anglers Powerboat anglers Scenic rafters Campers Landowners Bank angling Personal use from beach 17 10 6 3 15 8 Lower River 39 11 34 0 30 24 Middle River 54 19 34 6 30 46 Upper River 59 45 26 12 57 r 19 Drift angling Lower River; 6 25 12 0 0 12 Middle River 9 50 15 9 9 16 Upper River 20 83 27 21 22 22 Powerboat angling Personal use from boat 6 10 37 0 13 35 Lower River 16 16 72 0 17 46 M iddle River 10 18 58 3 9 4 8 Scenic rafting Lower River <1 2 3 12 4 8 Middle River 2 6 3 24 13 22 Upper River 5 20 8 64 13 1 5 Camping 31 24 18 9 100 0 Percent reporting opportunities ti#VI #Yr£ rf SSe �z 4.YSSV i 3uj e" 6 tons For users and landowners, Table 4 -1 shows the percent reporting activities on specific segments. Results highlight the diversity of trips that people take, and support having respondents self identify their most important type of trip. Other findings include: Relatively fewer bank anglers take boating -based trips compared to the number of boating -based anglers that take bank angling trips. There is considerable "crossover" between driftboat and powerboat angling trips, although majorities in each group do not participate in the other. There is less "crossover" between angling and scenic rafting, although 20% of driftboat anglers have taken Upper River scenic rafting trips. Landowners have a activity segment profile similar to powerboat anglers. Table 4-1. Percent engaging in activity segment "opportunities" by major groups. Note: Percentages within groups can exceed 100 because users could check "any that apply." DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 29 nk angling Lower River Middle River Upper River Drift angling Lower River Mi ddle River Upper River Powerboatangling Lower River Middle River Scenic rafting Lower River Middle River Upper River For guides, Table 4 -2 shows the percent offering different activity /segment opportunities. Guides also show diversity among trips, although they are more likely to specialize in one type of angling trip (powerboats vs. drift boats) or scenic trips. Note: Boating -based fishing guides offer "bank angling" (usually for reds) via boat -based access, so this is different than users identified as "bank anglers" in the user survey. Other findings include: Powerboat guides are less likely to offer bank angling on their trips than driftboat guides. There is some "crossover" between drift and powerboat guides, but most do one or the other. Less than one -fifth of driftboat guides offer powerboat trips and less than a third of powerboat guides offer driftboat trips. There is generally less "crossover" between angling and scenic guides, although 30% of Upper River driftboat guides offer scenic trips. Table 4 -2. Percent of guides who offer activity segment "opportunities." Powerboat guides 31 10' 19 13' 6 Most important opportunities 98 Driftboat guides 6 Scenic guides 64 32 14 1 4 0 aPonss 77 9 30 14 1 14 29 71 1. This includes some guides who also offer driftboat trips on the Upper River, where boat -based bank angling is common. Table 4 -3 shows the "most important" opportunities' for users, landowners, and guides. Because this variable was the primary way respondents were categorized, percentages are given only for opportunities that vary within a group (e.g., driftboat opportunities for driftboat anglers). Campers are not shown (by definition, 100% reported camping most important). More bank anglers find the Middle and Upper Rivers most important. Many more driftboat anglers and guides consider the Upper River most important. More powerboat anglers and powerboat guides consider the Lower River most important. Landowners are more interested in powerboat angling on the Lower River. DRAFT Report June .2010 Page "30 ml 4-3. Percent of users, landowners, and guides identifying opportunities as "most important." Note: Percentages within groups may not equal 100 due to Item non response for "most important" opportunity. Users, landowners, and guides were also asked to identify their second most important opportunity. A cross tabulation of first by second most important opportunity is given in the supplemental report (not shown here), but key findings include: Of users reporting driftboat angling most important, less than 10 percent chose any powerboating opportunity second. Of users reporting powerboat angling most important, 24% chose Middle River driftboat angling and 13% chose Upper River driftboat angling second. Taken together, results suggest more powerboat anglers may be slightly more interested in driftboat trips than the converse. Of guides reporting a powerboat angling trip most important, over 75% chose the other powerboating opportunity second. There is a core group of powerboat guides whose focus is exclusively powerboat -based angling. Of guides reporting Upper River driftboat angling most important, 26% chose a powerboating opportunity second (with most choosing the Middle River). Taken together, results generally suggest driftboat guides are more likely to be interested in powerboat trips than the converse. About one quarter who chose driftboat angling first chose bank angling second. Less than 15% who chose powerboat angling first chose bank angling second. DRAFT Report Jone 20113 P 31 Bank anglers Drift- boat anglers Power- boat anglers Scenic rafters Land- owners All guides Power- boat guides Drift boat guides Bank ang Personal use from beach 8 2 Lowe Riven 20 6 1 Middle River 34 23 2 Upper River 31 5 2 Drift angling tow er River 10 1 2 6 Middle River 19 <1 7 30 Upper River 68 5 14 64 Powerboat angling Personal use from boat 14 10 Lower River 50 21 57 76 M iddle River 25 17 13 19 Scenic rafting Lower River 12 1 0 Middle River 12 1 1 Upper River 76 2 2 ml 4-3. Percent of users, landowners, and guides identifying opportunities as "most important." Note: Percentages within groups may not equal 100 due to Item non response for "most important" opportunity. Users, landowners, and guides were also asked to identify their second most important opportunity. A cross tabulation of first by second most important opportunity is given in the supplemental report (not shown here), but key findings include: Of users reporting driftboat angling most important, less than 10 percent chose any powerboating opportunity second. Of users reporting powerboat angling most important, 24% chose Middle River driftboat angling and 13% chose Upper River driftboat angling second. Taken together, results suggest more powerboat anglers may be slightly more interested in driftboat trips than the converse. Of guides reporting a powerboat angling trip most important, over 75% chose the other powerboating opportunity second. There is a core group of powerboat guides whose focus is exclusively powerboat -based angling. Of guides reporting Upper River driftboat angling most important, 26% chose a powerboating opportunity second (with most choosing the Middle River). Taken together, results generally suggest driftboat guides are more likely to be interested in powerboat trips than the converse. About one quarter who chose driftboat angling first chose bank angling second. Less than 15% who chose powerboat angling first chose bank angling second. DRAFT Report Jone 20113 P 31 Guided vs. unguided use a r1as Table 4 -4 shows the proportion of users and landowners who take guided fishing trips or utilize other commercial services. Findings include: Just under half of driftboat and powerboat anglers take guided fishing trips sometimes, with 23% taking them "frequently." Among bank anglers, 29% have taken guided fishing trips from a boat, but only 6% do so frequently. No scenic rafters or campers take guided fishing trips frequently, but over 20% have taken them "sometimes." Over half of scenic rafters take guided scenic rafting trips. Few anglers take guided scenic raft trips (13% or less). Few Kenai users rent boats on their trips (less than 10% among the three angling groups). Scenic rafters and campers are slightly more likely to rent boats. Most landowners do not use commercial services; 98% never rent boats, 91% never use shuttles or take a scenic rafting trip, and 79% never taking guided fishing trips. Table 4-4. Proportion of users and landowners that use commercial services. Camp on the river Table 4 -5 shows the proportion of users and landowners who camp on the river (not in developed campgrounds). Most users never take overnight trips, suggesting the Kenai is primarily a "day use frontcountry" river. However, 26% of driftboat anglers and 38% of scenic rafters camp on their trips. Discussions with rangers and fieldwork suggest there are about 14 to 16 "backcountry" campsites in common use on the Upper River or near the inlet to Skilak Lake and an additional 10 to 12 on the Middle River (all between Skilak and Kenai Keys). There are no commonly used campsites below Kenai Keys or on the Lower River (more private land and public land typically has developed campgrounds or "no camping" regulations). DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 32 n Never Sometimes Frequently take guided fishing trip Sometimes frequently guided rafting Sometimes frequently rent boat Sometimes frequently use shuttles Bank anglers 318 71 23 6 12 7 12 Driftboat anglers 274 55 22 23 13 10 47 Powerboat anglers 191 56 21 23 6 6 14 Scenic rafters 33 79 21 0 52 16 25 Campers 23 77 23 0 28 18 26 Mixed users 13 46 23 31 11 0 11 Landowners 208 79 16 5 9 2 9 Guided vs. unguided use a r1as Table 4 -4 shows the proportion of users and landowners who take guided fishing trips or utilize other commercial services. Findings include: Just under half of driftboat and powerboat anglers take guided fishing trips sometimes, with 23% taking them "frequently." Among bank anglers, 29% have taken guided fishing trips from a boat, but only 6% do so frequently. No scenic rafters or campers take guided fishing trips frequently, but over 20% have taken them "sometimes." Over half of scenic rafters take guided scenic rafting trips. Few anglers take guided scenic raft trips (13% or less). Few Kenai users rent boats on their trips (less than 10% among the three angling groups). Scenic rafters and campers are slightly more likely to rent boats. Most landowners do not use commercial services; 98% never rent boats, 91% never use shuttles or take a scenic rafting trip, and 79% never taking guided fishing trips. Table 4-4. Proportion of users and landowners that use commercial services. Camp on the river Table 4 -5 shows the proportion of users and landowners who camp on the river (not in developed campgrounds). Most users never take overnight trips, suggesting the Kenai is primarily a "day use frontcountry" river. However, 26% of driftboat anglers and 38% of scenic rafters camp on their trips. Discussions with rangers and fieldwork suggest there are about 14 to 16 "backcountry" campsites in common use on the Upper River or near the inlet to Skilak Lake and an additional 10 to 12 on the Middle River (all between Skilak and Kenai Keys). There are no commonly used campsites below Kenai Keys or on the Lower River (more private land and public land typically has developed campgrounds or "no camping" regulations). DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 32 Bank anglers Driftboat anglers Powerboat anglers Scenic rafters Campers Landowners Types of boats Table 4-5. Percent of respondents who camp on the river (not in developed campgrounds). N 274 6 33 Of those who use a boat kayak canoe °Jo driftboat raft or cataraft fi sh powerboat DfiAFT Report June 2010 2 298 Bank Drift anglers anglers what percent use... never sometimes °/0 frequently 72 63 74 87 Table 4-6. Percent who use boats (and which type) on Kenai River trips. Power- boat anglers 7 22 12 19 22 12 6 2 19 4 1 Respondents were asked if they use a boat on their trips; for those who did, other questions asked about types of boats and other characteristics. Results are given in Table 4-6. Notes: User and landowner respondents did not have to own boats —just use them (could be rented, a friend's, a guide's, etc.). For guides, the question referred to boats used during guiding. This was for any opportunity (not just their "most important and percentages can exceed 100% because they could check more than one type. Scenic Campers All users rafters boat 45 100 100 72 48 7' 88 39 9 58 26 23 Land- All owners guides 86 26 29 91 6 13 41 77 100 Many Kenai River users have used boats on the river (even among bank anglers and campers). Key findings include: Drift anglers were more likely to report use of driftboats or rafts, while powerboat anglers were more likely to report use of powerboats. Bank anglers were more likely to use driftboats or rafts rather than powerboats. Landowners were more likely to use powerboats, but many who have both. Further analysis shows that among landowners that use powerboats, 23% also use drift boats; among those who use drift craft, 82% also use powerboats. Other analysis suggests that among the majority (54 of guides who use a raft or driftboat, 73% also use powerboats. Among guides that use drift craft, 16% use rafts or catarafts and 92% use drift boats. Page 33 kayak canoe driftboat raft or cataraft /6 "fish ca' powerboat n Stu Stud Table 4 -7. Most often used boat types on Kenai River trips. Of those who use a boat, respondents were asked which boat they used most often; results are given in Table 4 -7. These percentages sum to 100 because uses could only name one. Findings include: Roughly similar proportions of bank anglers use motorized and non motorized craft "most often." A majority of drift anglers use driftboats more often than rafts, catarafts, or fish cats. About 4% of drift anglers report they use a powerboat most often, just as small proportions of powerboat anglers use driftboats or rafts "most often." They were probably unsure how to classify a driftboat with a kicker. Most landowners and guides use a powerboat most often. Bank Drift Powerboat Scenic All anglers anglers anglers rafters users antw ^,mom can n Land- owners 0 0 <1 4 14 3u 5 77 22 90 0 41 Of those who use driftboats, rafts, or catarafts, 55% of users and 58% of guides use a motor (typically kicker motors less than 0 horsepower) for different purposes. Key findings include: Scenic boaters are more likely use a kicker to cross Skilak after running Kenai Canyon (18 than for any other reason (less than 6 on the Lower or Middle River. Drift anglers were most likely to use kickers for crossing Skilak after a Canyon trip (35 but were also likely to use them to access the Middle River' from Lower Skilak (20 travel upstream to re- drift a reach on the Middle River (18 or travel against the tide on the Lower River (10 Among drift guides, percentages using kickers were higher than for users. About 36% use them to cross Skilak after a Canyon trip, 31% use them for re- drifting reaches on the Middle River, 25% use them to access the Middle River from Lower Skilak, and 20% use them to travel against tides on the Lower River. Only 9% use them to back troll on the Middle River. Among guides who reported driftboats as their most often used craft, over half use them to cross Skilak after a Canyon trip (55 or to access the Middle River (50 smaller proportions use them to re -drift reaches on the Middle River (11%). Among landowners who use drift craft with kickers, the most popular purposes are to cross Skilak after a Canyon trip (29 access the Middle River (17 re -drift reaches of the Middle River (20 or travel against the tide on the Lower River (17 Respondents who use powerboats were asked to report boat lengths, hull types, and percent using four stroke motors. Results are summarized in Table 4 -8. Compared to guides, users and landowners (on average) are more likely to have smaller boats, flat hulls, and not have four- stroke engines (now required in July; soon to be required on the entire river). DRAFT Report r. judo 2010 Page 34 e Table 4-8. Information about powerboats (among those who use them). Length (average) Length (interquartile range) Hull type vee or semi vee Hull type flat e motor Percent on Lower River Percent on Middle River Percent on Upper River Have residence on property Offer some kind of lodging Cabins Rooms (e.g., motel) Other DRAFT Repot ,3u re 2010 on St All uses who reported about powerboats n =279 16 to 20 33 Not a resident Part -time resident Full time resident Use a boat from the property Fish from the property Have a dock Have a fishing; platform Have natural materials erosion control Have non natural erosion control (rip rap) Users for whom powerboat trips most important n =191 17 to 20 77 23 8 Land ownership and property characteristics Most users at public facilities do not own land on the river; the 4% who reported owning land from this study is similar to proportion in 1992. This also supports the decision to sample landowners separately (because few utilize public facilities where sampling can occur). 4-9. Property characteristics among guides and landowners. Landowners 52 89 8 40 67 7 31 41 Not asked Guides who reported about powerboats n =165 20 to 20 77 23 99 Landowners who reported about powerboats n =187 36 13 85 5 17 to 19 39 Guides who own property 38 83 73 32 45 14 30 2 aY t l k #tt, "i= E a or Bit �?<ftf:� �li"a0 1 110 <tt10 Among guides, 30% own land, a substantially higher percentage than for users. There are obvious advantages to staging guided trips from private property or integrating guide services with lodging or other commercial activities (see Table 4 -9). Findings include: Compared to non -guide landowners, higher proportions of guides own property on the Lower River, which is the focus of guided king fishing. Lower proportions of guides do not reside on the property. Similar proportions of all landowners have docks, fishing platforms, and erosion control on their banks. Majorities of both groups fish or use a boat from the property. Age and gender Respondents were asked to report their age and gender (Table 4 -10). Findings include: Over 80% of anglers are men and they tend to be older than the general population. Non anglers are more likely to have gender balance (within a few points of 50 -50). Landowners are generally older than users. Guides tend to be slightly younger than users but are more predominately male. Differences between other groups were generally small. Table 4-10. Age and gender of major groups. Ali users All landowners All guides Alaska residents Mean age 0 63 male 82 44 5 Respondents were asked about their residency in Alaska; results by group are in the supplemental report. Proportions were similar to those from 1992; key findings include: The highest proportions of Alaskan residents were among unguided powerboat anglers (84 and unguided driftboat anglers (79 The lowest proportions were among guided powerboat anglers (36 and guided driftboat anglers (39 Over half of bank anglers (52 and campers (62 were AK residents. Among landowners, 85% were AK residents. Among guides, 72% were AK residents. DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 36 Hosting and visitation information Respondents (except for guides) were asked about the number of days they hosted guests from in /out of state (if they live in the Kenai Basin) or about the number of days they visit the area (if they live outside the basin). Summary information is provided in Table 4 -11; additional data are provided in the supplemental report. Findings highlight the substantial number of visitors who stay in the area with local residents or in commercial lodging (contributing to the local economy). Table 4-11. Hosting and visitation information for users and landowners. Among those who live In the watershed Average days hosting out of state Media days hosting out of state friends/family Average days hosting in -state friends /family Meda days hosting instate frlendstf Among those who visit the watershed Medfa ndays on Kenai Peninsula Median days in Alaska °k cam ped ha campgroun stayed in hotels /motels I° stayed with family and friends day users camped in the backcount stayed in bed and breakfast lodges DRAFT Report June 2010 Users 20% rr 68 156 18.3 80%; n=684 8 1 1 36 21 19 12 8 8 Landowners n 208 20.1 14 26 Not applicable Experience on the river On -site surveys asked users to describe their experience on the river (number of years and days per year). Medians for major groups are provided in Table 4 -12; additional data for segments and sub- groups are in the supplemental report. Findings include: About 62 to 76% of Kenai users have been using the river for less than 5 to 8 years, 24 to 38% were visiting for the first time in 2009. For most users, conditions in recent years are "what they know." However, there are also many long -term users. Averages were much higher than medians due to some high outliers (so medians reflect the "central tendency" of the distribution of responses better), but some groups average over a decade of experience using the river. For example, unguided drift anglers averaged 11 years of experience while guided drift anglers averaged 4 (and over half of these users were first year visitors). unguided powerboat anglers averaged 23 years, while guided powerboat anglers averaged 9. Some examples: Unguided drift anglers averaged 17 days per year while guided drift anglers averaged 5. Unguided powerboat anglers averaged 14 days, while guided powerboat anglers averaged 9. Powerboat anglers generally have more years of experience, while bank and powerboat anglers tend to use the river more days per year. Table 4-12. Years of experience and days per year for major user groups. Median years on Kenai first year Median days per year Bank anglers 5 30 Drift anglers 29 and Powerboat anglers 24 Non anglers 5.0 38 4 The guide survey also asked experience questions (years on the river, years guiding, and days guiding per year). Results are summarized in Table 4 -13; additional data are in the supplemental report. Findings include: Guides average over 20 years on the river and 13 years guiding. Few guides had less than two years experience. Scenic guides guide fewest days per year, while drift guides guide the most. Drift guides probably have a longer season because they tend to target trout Dollies into early fall, while some powerboats guides stop guiding after kings (July) or early silvers (August). Scenic rafting may tail off in late July when the weather typically turns colder and wetter. More days per year is generally associated with more clients per year, but drift boat guides average slightly more clients per trip than powerboat guides (4.0 vs. 3.3). Non anglers had slightly higher percentages of first year users and spent slightly fewer days on the river. Notes: The guide survey asked about days per year for a "typical year" (not 2009) to avoid confounding results for a potentially "atypical" year like 2009. A separate question asked guides to roughly estimate whether the number of days guiding or clients were different in 2009 (details are in the supplemental report). DRAFT Report June 2010 :Page 38 Trip characteristics Group size Trip lengths Typical boating segments Table 4-13. Years of experience and days per year for guides. All guides 20,1 Average years Percent in first two years 4 Average years guiding Average days /year (not 2009) 63 Average clientslyear (not 2009) 221 Power 21.6 <1 Drift Scenic 56 15.4' 13 29 61 75 43 2 306 124 The on -site surveys asked several questions about specific trip characteristics. Findings for major groups are summarized below. More details are in the supplemental report. Over 90% of all groups have 6 or fewer people. Other findings include: Boat -based angling groups average 3 to 4 per boat (depending on type of trip and segment). Two thirds of bank anglers fish alone or with one partner only. Guided fishing boats average about 1 person more than unguided boats. For powerboat anglers, group sizes are slightly larger during kings compared to trips after July. Non guided users had a median group size of 4, but sometimes traveled in larger groups (especially for scenic rafting trips). Most Kenai River users take day trips, although many camp in developed campgrounds. Among day users, typical trip lengths are 5 to 8 hours on the river (does not include travel times to the river, launching, etc.). Other findings include: Bank angling trips average about 6 hours for all three segments, with small differences between seasons or target species. Drift angling trips average about 7 hours, with trips on the Middle River slightly longer (8 hours) and trips on the Upper River slightly shorter (6 hours). This fits with some logistical considerations regarding the Middle River (time crossing Skilak). Powerboat angling trips average about 6.5 hours, with slightly longer trips (8) on the Middle River after July (when the focus shifts to trout, Dollies, and silvers). Drift anglers Drift anglers were asked to identify their put -in and were interviewed at their take -out which can help identify the popularity of various "floats." Detailed findings are presented in the supplemental report. Findings include: DRAFT Report Jura; 2010 Page 39 Trip characteristics Non anglers Powerboat anglers on Lower River Target species and fishing statistics 1 Most Lower River drift trips (63 start from Centennial Park, although others start at Pillars (10 and RiverBend (12%), Eagle Rock (4 or other private land launches /docks. Most end at Pillars or Eagle Rock, although a few continue to private launches at Beaver Creek or Kenai Boat Ramp. Most Middle River drift trips (75 start from Lower Skilak, although a few anglers (less than 7% each) start from Dot's (Kenai Keys), Bing's Landing, Izaak Walton, or easements off Keystone Road. Most Upper River drift trips (74 start from Sportsman's Landing, but 23% begin at Cooper Landing Bridge. Very few start at Jim's Landing (the most popular take -out) or private land in Cooper Landing. Note: The proportion taking the Sportsman's —Jim's Landing trip appears higher among 2009 users than the 2004 FWS (where the proportion was 55 This may indicate a shift to shorter trips and a greater focus on angling time in the productive waters below Sportsman's. Powerboat anglers on were asked to identify the segments they used on the Lower River. Detailed results are in the supplemental report; findings include: Eleven percent of powerboat anglers could not specify the segments they use. The number is higher among anglers targeting kings (19 and especially among guided anglers targeting kings (36 Many of these anglers may not know where they fished because they rely on the boat driver or guide to select the most promising locations. Of those targeting kings who did specify segments, the highest use occurs from the Chinook sonar to Pillars (50 and Pillars to Poacher's Cove (46 Far fewer anglers used the river below the sonar (9 or above Poacher's Cove (16 Of those targeting other species, use is more evenly distributed, with 32% using the mouth to sonar; 47% using sonar to Pillars, 30% using Pillars to Poacher's, and 11% using Poachers to Soldotna Bridge. Note that anglers reporting use of a segment does not necessarily correlate with the amount of time spent in each segment. ADF &G boat counts during king season offer opportunities for more in -depth analysis of segment distributions. Powerboat guides were asked to identify the launch they use most often. For the Lower River, 38% use public launches most often (Pillars at 22 Centennial at 19 and Swiftwater at 4 but private launches are also well -used (including 22% combined at Stewarts, RiverBend, and Poacher's Cove; 4% at Eagle Rock, and 18% at other private residences). For the Middle River, most guides (63 use Bing's Landing, while some use Loweer Skilak (8 Swiftwater (7 Centennial (7 and other private launches /docks (12 Most non anglers in this study were scenic rafters on the Upper River (81%). About 67% were on scenic raft trips (with one -third of the sample guided). About 10% used the Lower River and 9% used the Middle River. Onsite surveys asked anglers to identify 1) all species they were fishing for; 2) their primary target species; 3) how many fish they caught, released, and kept (all species); and 4) whether other anglers in DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 40 Bank anglers Drift anglers Powerboat anglers reairick n their group were successful. The primary goal was to categorize anglers by target species and indicate individual fishing success (which might correlate with other variables in the study). These questions were not intended to estimate harvest, catch and release rates, or address other fishery management issues, although information provides relative indicators of fishing success rates that generally fit with ADF &G fishery statistics from multiple sources. General conclusions are provided below; more detailed information is in the supplemental report. Most bank anglers fish for reds: 50% on the Lower River, 84% on the Middle River, and 90% on the Upper River. King salmon are the primary target for 14% of Lower River bank anglers and 3% on the Middle River; silvers are the primary target for 30% on the Lower River anglers and 7% on the Middle and Upper River. Trout and Dollies are primary targets for less than 3% of bank anglers on any segment (Note: this does not include boat -based anglers that may fish for these species from the bank or wading). Success hooking fish is largely driven by target species. More than two- thirds of red and silver anglers hooked at least one fish; king anglers had lower catch rates. On the Upper River, first red run anglers hooked (10.5) and kept (2.3) roughly twice as many fish as second red run anglers (4.9 and 1.0), which fits with the run limits (6 for the first, 3 for the second). Total kept fish is well below limits; despite anecdotes, most red anglers do not `limit out." Drift anglers fish for a variety of species, but there are segment/season differences. For example, 88% of Lower River drift anglers target kings on "drift only Mondays" compared to 4% on the Middle River. Reds are not the primary target for most drift anglers, especially on the Lower and Middle Rivers (less than 8 but 26% target reds on the Upper. Silvers are the primary target for less than 11% on the Lower and Middle, and only 2% on the Upper. Trout /Dollies are the primary target for about 70% of Middle and Upper anglers. Success hooking fish is largely driven by target species, with trout /Dolly anglers averaging 11.9 hooked fish, red anglers 6.8, silver anglers 3.6 and king anglers 2.0. These success rates are generally similar to powerboat anglers and higher than bank anglers. Success hooking fish was weakly correlated with the number of days an angler fishes per year (r=.14) and being on a guided trip (r =.21). Powerboat anglers also fish for a diversity of species, with specific targets for seasons and segments. During kings, the focus is on the Lower River (87% identify kings as primary before August), compared to the Middle (21 In the second red run, 32% of Middle River powerboat anglers target reds first compared to 11% on the Lower River. After July, silvers become the focus for 92% of Lower River powerboaters and 48% of Middle River powerboaters. Most of the remaining Middle River powerboat anglers (45 target trout/Dollies. Success hooking fish is largely driven by target species, with trout /Dolly anglers averaging 13.5 hooked fish, red anglers 2.9, silver anglers 4.1 and king anglers 0.6. These success rates tend to be DRAFT 'Repon June 2010 Page. 41 higher than those for bank anglers, but similar to drift anglers (the notable exception is kings, where drift anglers did better). Success hooking fish was not correlated with the number of days an angler fishes per year; there was a strong correlation between success and being on a guided trip for trout (r =.46), but it was somewhat lower for silvers (.27) and not significant for kings or reds. Non- angler activities Non anglers during the on -site survey were asked to indicate activities they did on their trips. Rafting was the most common non angling activity (67 but 54% reported viewing scenery, 44% viewing wildlife, 34% picnicking or rafting, and 28% camping. Asked to identify a single primary activity, 56% reported rafting and 14% camping, 10% viewing scenery, 8% picnicking, and 3% viewing wildlife. DRAFT Report «June 20s0 Page 42 Factors influencing fishing locations 5. Lower River King Fishing Trends This chapter provides information from guides who target kings on the Lower River; the information comes from the guide follow -up survey. Information helps characterize important use patterns and factors that influence where anglers fish, with implications for other management issues. Guides were asked to rate the importance of factors influencing "when, where, and how long" they fish for king salmon. Responses were on a 5 -point scale from "not at all important" to `extremely important." Figure 5 -1 ranks responses of all guides who answered these questions (n =134) by mean scores; additional analyses in the supplemental report examined differences between drift (n=24) and powerboat guides (n =114). Moderately Vey Exherrely Average irrportance rating Figure 5-1. Importance of factors influencing where, when and how long king guides fish. Findings include: Guides consider personal knowledge and recent success most important. s Tides are also important. Focus group discussion and fishing guide books suggest that many users target incoming tides in the lower segments of the Lower River and then move upstream during slack or outgoing tides. This can concentrate use, increasing crowding. Water clarity and water level (often related) may make some fishing areas more challenging and further concentrate use when conditions are poor. o Success of other anglers, fishing reports from recent days, and fishing reports while on the river are moderately important and may also concentrate users. Like some wildlife viewing opportunities (e.g. whale watching), success attracts more use, which might increase crowding, competition, and potentially decrease future success. DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 43 The number of boats seen at a location appears to have a smaller influence on where guides go. Actual success appears to count more. Few guides base their fishing location choices on the number of fish in the river (from sonar or net counts from ADF &G), or proximity to their launch. Differences between powerboat and drift guides were generally small, although drift guides rated tides less important (it is logistically challenging to time tides without a motor), and seeing many boats, sonar counts, client preferences for locations, and proximity to launches more important. Differences appear related to specific drift trip logistics (difficulty fighting tides, need for easy launch and shuttle) or greater sensitivity to higher densities. Early morning fishing success The spike of powerboating use as guide hours open (6 am, Tuesday through Saturday) is a well -known phenomenon on the Lower River. The survey asked guides about reasons for the "rush" as fishing opens; responses were on a five point agree- disagree scale with a neutral option (Figure 5 -2). Most guides agree that "being among the first boats at a location when guide hours open (6 am) is important" and "aside from tidal considerations, king salmon fishing is generally better in the morning and diminishes through the day." Fishing techniques 'WA �0 ff3/0 40 �o a4 2% 41/0 624 &/o 'two Ydoliatitaftm o Figure 5-2. Percent of guides that agree /disagree with reasons that may explain 6 am peaks. Focus group discussion suggests this is mostly about perceived competition for "early biters," fish that enter the river or reach holes when angler densities are low over night and have not yet been exposed to many lures /bait. Guides noted that early morning unguided users who are allowed to fish before the 6 am opening are very successful. ADF &G boat count and creel survey technicians note anecdotal evidence that many anglers have success early in the day, but they are less certain that success rates continue to diminish through the day and some guides apparently agree. These findings suggest that strategies to reduce crowding by redistributing use to Later in the day are likely to be resisted by many anglers. Similarly, guides opposed "staggered guide hours" (e.g., if half of the guides start an hour later than the other half on alternating days) in the 1992 and this study (see Chapter 12). Taken together with information from focus groups, many guides simply appear reluctant to give up the most productive hour every other day even if they might have less competition the next day. Guides were asked to estimate the percent of time they fish with different techniques. Most prefer back trolling (70 fewer back bouncing (21%) and drifting/dragging (22 Conflicts between anglers using DRAFT Repori Juste 2010 Page 44 n Study King salmon trends in recent years 1W°10 80'/0 different techniques (especially when densities are high) were mentioned in several focus groups. These tend to occur in specific traditional "drifting/dragging" reaches (see additional discussion in Chapter 12). Guides were asked whether they agreed or disagreed (on the same 5 point scale with a neutral option) with several statements about king fishing trends. Results are shown in Figure 5 -3. 60% 40% Z(P /o 0% 20% 40'/0 60 8O% 100°/ °strongl° or ^slightly' disagree "slightly' or "strongly' age Figure 53. Agreement with statements about king salmon fishing trends in recent years. Findings include: o Most guides agree use is shifting farther downstream, with more boats fishing the tides. In focus groups, some described trolling and back bouncing techniques that increase success in these areas even when tides are less favorable. These trends may increase the miles of river anglers can fish, which can reduce crowding. However, if this success becomes well publicized, it may also concentrate use in these lower river areas. o Most guides believe the number of unguided users has increased during guide hours, but ADF &G boat count data do not confirm this. Although total use levels may be higher in recent years (excepting 2009), it is not clear that unguided use accounts for the increase. Guided boats accounted for about two- thirds of Lower River counts during the 2009 king season and this is much higher than the one -third estimate given in the 1992 study. o Fewer guides agree that "fewer boats recognize traditional drifting/dragging (not back trolling) areas." Guides who drift or drag more often were more likely to agree with this statement. o Many guides agree there are more rental boats and inexperienced boaters during guide hours. We don't have independent confirmation of this trend, but it fits with guide opinions about guide /unguided conflicts and boating safety (see Chapter 15). Preferred fishing technique did not predict any other fishing trend. D FT Report e aerie 2010 Panne 45 Perceived crowding 6. On- river Crowding, Impacts, and Use Impact Relationships This chapter presents on site survey information about perceived crowding, reported impacts, tolerances for impacts, and use- impact relationships. Crowding provides a broad indicator of visitor impact problems and whether use is below, at, or over capacity. Reported impacts (and related tolerances) can help identify potential management standards for indicator impacts and whether current conditions are exceeding them. Use impact relationships show whether managing use (through direct limits or indirect methods) is likely to reduce impacts. Most theorists recognize a difference between use density and crowding, but even scientists sometimes use the word "crowding" inappropriately when referring to high density (Shelby et al., 1989). Density is a descriptive term that refers to the number of people per unit area. It is measured by counting the number of people and measuring the space they occupy, and it can be determined objectively. Crowding, on the other hand, is a negative evaluation of density; it involves a value judgment that the specified number is too many. The term perceived crowding is often used to emphasize the subjective or evaluative nature of the concept. Perceived crowding combines descriptive information (the density or encounter level experienced by the individual) with evaluative information (the individual's negative evaluation of that density or encounter level). When people evaluate an area as crowded, they have at least implicitly compared the conditions they experienced (impacts) with their perception of what is acceptable (standards). If they conclude that the area is crowded, it would appear that the existing conditions exceeded their definition of a standard (one criterion for an area being "over capacity"). Researchers have developed a simple measure of perceived crowding (Heberlein Vaske, 1977). The question asks people how crowded they feel during their visit. Responses are given on a 9 -point scale: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Not at all Slightly Moderately Extremely Crowded Crowded Crowded Crowded The approach is simple and easy to apply. Two of the nine scale points on the crowding scale label the situation as uncrowded, while the remaining seven points label it as crowded to some degree. The scale can be analyzed in different ways. The scale has traditionally been collapsed into a dichotomous variable (not crowded versus any degree of crowding; the formula that was used here). This provides a conceptually meaningful break point between those who labeled the situation as not at all crowded (scale points 1 and 2, a positive evaluation), and those who labeled the situation as slightly, moderately, or extremely crowded (scale points 3 through 9, a negative evaluation). Since 1975, this single item indicator has been used in over 200 studies conducted across the United States (e.g., Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, Oregon, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Wisconsin), Canada (British Columbia, Alberta), New Zealand, Australia, and Korea resulting in crowding ratings for over 500 different settings /activities. The activities included hiking, backpacking, wildlife viewing, wildlife photography, hunting of many types, fishing of many types, rafting, canoeing, tubing, motor boating, rock climbing, sailing, and driving for pleasure. The areas studied represented considerable diversity, with some showing extremely high DRAFT Report m Juste 2010 Page 46 density and use impact problems, others showing low densities and no problems, and still others actively utilizing management strategies to control densities and use impacts. A meta analysis of 35 studies (Shelby, et al., 1989) identified five "rule of thumb" categories of crowding when the scale was collapsed in the manner described in Table 6 -1. A substantially larger meta analysis by the same authors supports continued use of this simple analytic technique, which helps categorize whether a resource is likely to have capacity visitor impact problems (and helps managers consider potential responses). Table 6-1. Carrying capacity judgments based on levels of perceived crowding. 0 -35% DRAFT Report Very low crowding 5 -50° High normal 50 -65% 65 -80% 80 -100% Greatly over capacity Source: Shelby, Vaske, Heberlein (1989). .`cations Crowding usually limited by management or situational factors (remote location, difficult access, or permit programs). Problems are unl to exist; may offer important low dens opportunities.) Studies or focused management attention may be needed if increased use is expected, allowing management to anticipate problems agement probably necessary to preserve experiences, increased fy to change types of opportunities available. Impacts and crowding related problems are likely; manage for high- density recreation. Perceived crowding by segment season group "context" For the Kenai, percent feeling crowded for several segment season group "contexts" are provided in Table 6 -2. Results indicate several general findings: Five of the six highest crowding ratings were on the Upper River. As discussed in Chapter 3, the first run red season on the Upper River had the highest use levels and densities on the entire river, and boat use during trout /dolly season approached use levels during the peak early red run. These use levels produce high crowding and may be opportunities needing management attention. Higher use days for Lower River for powerboat anglers during the second run of kings also showed high crowding. There are many `low normal" and "high normal" crowding ratings, as well as some "no crowding" situations that may provide rare low density experiences. =Great Table 6 -2. Percent feeling crowded and mean crowding scores for 2009 Kenai River groups. Y{ Upper early red run bank Upper weekends in Sep drift Over capacity: Studies and management likely needed to preserve quality er on high use king days power Upper weekends drift Upper unguided drill Upper weekends bank H €gh Norma€: Monitor if use increases exp Middle second run peak bank Lower second run peak bank Upper all drift anglers Upper all bank anglers Upper weekdays in Sep drift Upper weekdays bank Upper second run bank Lower primary target kings power Lower drift Upperweekdaysdnft Low Normal: Unlikely to be a problem; may o Lower on tow use king days power Middle bank Upper drift guided Upper bank Lower bank Middle drift unguided No Crrn f €ng' no prober Middle drift ddle guided do Middle after kings power Lower other times power Middle other times power Lower after kirips power DRAFT Report a June 2016 biems likely Je i 0 r ui c X95 a0r icpj tyto Percent feeling crowded an age 88 4,7 7 4 70 4.0 66 problems 64 64 63 62 7' 62 57 7 56 54 .1 53 0 er important low density experiences 46 47 2,6 47 45 2.7 39 rare low-density experiences 34 Mean 5.4 4. 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.2 3,2 3 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.2 Page 49 c, eon Crowding comparisons with other resources Table 6 -2 includes mean crowding scores which are a highly correlated with "percent feeling crowded" and can be used to compare groups. Findings include: Crowding was statistically higher on weekends vs. weekdays for all drift anglers, particularly on the Upper River and in September. Use levels show a strong weekend pattern and crowding scores follow. Weekends vs. weekdays were not statistically different for powerboat anglers, probably because Tuesdays are among the highest use days and Sundays (with no guiding allowed) tend to have weekday use levels. High use and low use days (defined by actual use levels) show significant crowding differences. There were no weekday vs. weekend differences for bank anglers on the Upper River during the first red run. Use levels followed the run arrival and increase in harvest limits, not the day of the week. Table 6 -3 (following page) shows crowding ratings for other rivers in Alaska or the Lower 48, including Kenai groups /segments /seasons from the 1992 study. Taken together with the 2009 findings in Table 6- 2, conclusions include: There are times and places on the Kenai (in 1992 and 2009) when crowding is as high as any river studied. These "hot spots" are at greater risk for impact and congestion problems that discourage return use "displacement or cause users to adjust their expectations to fit with the new higher impact conditions "product shift"). These phenomena are further discussed in Chapter 8. Results also show many situations where crowding levels are much lower. Managing for a diversity of use, impact, and crowding levels makes sense in a complex system like the Kenai, but it is challenging to develop standards that define "how much crowding is too much Additional discussion is needed to identify when conditions "break down" and reach unacceptable levels. Comparisons between 1992 and 2009 are challenging. However, a few situations persistently rank among the most crowded (first red run bank angling use on the Upper River, drift angler use on the Upper River during red runs and on weekends during trout season, and lower river powerboat anglers in July). Second run red bank anglers were generally more crowded in 1992 than 2009. This finding is particularly interesting given that riparian protection efforts have closed about 26 miles of Kenai River bank fishing areas. In general, it appears the increase in personal use fishing opportunities at the mouth has reduced rod and reel fishing use during the second run, which has reduced crowding among bank anglers. DRAFT Report June 201U Page 49 K en Table 6-3. Percent feeling crowded at other rivers (including the Kenai in 1992, 2002). Feeling Crowded Resource Population /Comments Greatly over capacity: Should be managed for high densities; might be descnbed as sacrifice area 100 Deschutes River, Or 1986 Boaters on weekends 100 Kenai River, Ak 1992 Upper river bank anglers on high use days 97 Deschutes River, Or 1986 Lower riverboaters on weekends 94 Colorado River Az Anglers at Thanksgiving (high use period) 92 Kenai River, Ak 1992 Lower river powerboaters on high use days 89 Little Susitna River, Ak 1990 At users Deschutes River, Or 1986 Boaters on vaeekdays 86 Kenai River, Ak 1992 Upper river dnftboaters on high use days 84 Gulkana River, Ak 1999 All users R chardson Highway Bridge 81 Kenai River, AK 2002 Lower River powerboat anglers in July Over capacity: Studies and management likely needed to preserve quality 60 Kanektok River, Ak 1996 Guides 78 Kenai River, Ak 1992 Middle River powerboaters on high use days 78 Lake Creek, Ak 1990 r Ail users Waimakann and Rakia Rivers. NZ Salmon anglers Grand Canyon, Az Rafters Kanektok River, Ak 1996 Unguided floaters 65 Gutkana River; Ak 1999 Air users Sourdough Launch A[ High Normal: Should be studied if use increases expected; managers might anticipate problems 65 Kenai River, Ak 1992 64 36 No Crowding: no 1 Talachulitna River, Ak 1990 rBarra River, Ak 1999 Kenai River, Ak 1992 Gulkana River, Ak 1999 Kanektok River, Ak 1996 Kenai River, Ak 1992 Delta River, AK 2004 Goodnews River, Ak 1996 Kanektok River, Ak 1996 Gulkana River Ak 1999 51 Kroto Creek (Deshka), Ak 1990 Low Normal: Unlikely to he a problem; may offer unique low dell 48 Delta River, Ak 2004 46 Kenai River, Ak 1992 44 Delta River, Ak 43 GoednewsRiver,Ak 42 Togiak River, Ak 1996 Kenai River, Ak 1992 Goodnews River, Ak 1996 blem maygfferuniquelow di 33 Gulkana River, Ak 1999 Togiak River, Alt 1996 Delta River, Ak 2004 betta River, Ak 2004 14 -19 Gwaii Haanas, BC 1998 1 -9 Athabasca- Sunwapta Rivers, Al DRAFT Repo June 2010 Lower riverbank anglers on low use days All users All users Lower Main Stem Middle river bank anglers A1Pusers Sourdough Segment All users Middle Riverdrittboaters on low use days Lower Tangle Lakes Guided users Guided users 1 users Upper Main Stem All users Upper Tangle Lakes Middle river powerboaters on low use days All respondents overall King salmon season t ower r i v erpowerboaters dunngg catch /r Middle Fork users All users Middle Fork Alf users Lower River Upper Delta and Portage Area Touring kayakers of various areas 1Nhdewaier ratters at various areas Crowding during different parts of a trip In addition to the overall crowding question, Kenai users were asked to report how crowded they felt during different parts of their trips (e.g., finding parking, at the boat ramps, while' fishing, etc.); see Table 6 -4. Findings include: Crowding "while fishing" was higher than crowding during other parts of the trip or overall. In general, this suggests that congestion at facilities or while traveling to fishing areas is less of a problem than finding an uncrowded place to fish (improved facilities will not reduce crowding while fishing, and could make it worse if facilities attract more use). The disparity between crowding while fishing and other parts of the trip are generally larger for bank anglers than drift or powerboat anglers. Drift anglers tend to feel more crowded at take -outs compared to put -ins. Among powerboat anglers, differences were smaller. The highest crowding percentages were for Upper River bank and drift anglers, and Lower River powerboat anglers. Crowding percentages were higher for king powerboat anglers while traveling to fishing on the Lower River, the segment/season with the highest boat densities. Table 6-4. Percent feeling crowding during different parts of trips (by segment and group). Bank anglers At parking areas To /from fishing While fishing While cleaning fish Overall Drift anglers At put in At take -out While fishing Overall Powerboat anglers DRAFT Rep o= fi =une 2010 At take -out ile fishing While traveling on river Over Highest crowding percentage in bold. Lower River 34 44 27 43 41 Middle River 34 55 47 32 8 4 2 57 42 53 39 4 7 Of Upper River 42 68 62 5 64 Kings as primary Lower (not kings) Middle (not kings) 24 Page 51 Impacts and tolerances Impacts social or biophysical conditions experienced by users have been a topic of recreation research for at least three decades. In backcountry settings, the focus is typically on river or trail encounters (number of other groups seen per day), camp encounters (number of groups is sight or sound while camping), or camp sharing. In higher density frontcountry settings, the focus shifts to "interference" and "competition" variables, some of which were developed on the Kenai in the 1992 study and repeated in 2009 (Table 6 -5). Table 6 -5. List of impacts measured through the on -site survey. All groups Barr Impact Discourteous behavior Courteous behavior Fishing competition Angler proximity Line entanglements Boat interference Drift and powerboat anglers Boat interference Put -in wai Take -out waiting time Powerbui: 3L, ors rr, Close calls Description How often did you see others causing problems such as littering, being aggressive, violating regulations, etc. How often did you see others being courteous such as offering advice, returning gear, creating space for you, etc.) How often did you have trouble finding an uncrowded place to fish? What was the average distance between you and the next angler? How often did your line become entangled with others today? How often did boats interfere (come to dose or create large wakes) with your fishing today? How often did finding an uncrowded place to Hsh'% How often did boats interfere (come to dose or create large wakes) with your fishing today? N ;_lay? How long did you wait today? Did you have any "rear accidents° with other boats where you took evasive action to avoid a collision? Number of times Number of limes Number of times In minutes In minutes Number of times Response categories Number of incidents reported Number of incidents reported 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the time shoulder to shoulder (<3 ft); one rod (6- 10 ft); one car (15 -20 ft); two cars (30- 40 ft); casting distance (60 ft); out of sight. Reported impacts Entanglements Kenai Recre t€ Tables 6 -6 through 6 -8 summarize reported impacts (means, medians, and the 25% 75% "typical range The median response represents "50% of the sample reported this number or less," and is a better measure of central tendency than averages because of outliers. These tables provide a general description of conditions; analyses presented later in the chapter show how impacts compare to users' tolerances or how they vary by use level. Table 6-6. Bank angler reported impacts. Upper of discourteous incidents of courteous incidents Angler proximity impact Fishing competition impact Entanglements Boat interference Middle River Bank Anglers of dis courteous incidents of courteous incidents Angler proxhnityImpact Fishing competition impact Entanglements Boat interference ver Bank An!' of discourteous incidents s inside Angler proximity impact DRAFT Report .ione 2010 Mean 2.6 (6-10 15 -20 ft) 2.6 0.2 0.0 0.4 to 0 3.0 2.7 2 to 3 25% 1.6 0,5 to 2 3.0 Median 2.0 (15 -20 feet) 2 5% 1. 0 2.0 3.0 0% 0 0 3 Typical Range 2 to 3 0 to 50% 0 to 3 0 to 4 0 to 50% 0 to 0 Table 6-7. Drift angler reported impacts. Upper River Mean Median of discourteous incidents 0.6 0 0 to 1 #of courteous incidents 12 2 0 to 4 Boat interference impact Put in impact Lower River of discourteous i ncidents 06 of courteous incidents 1.9 Boat interference impact 1 5 Fishing competition impact 23% Put in impact 24 Typical Range Fishing compettt i'on impact 23% 25% 0 to 25% 4.8 1 0 to 10 Tale tt)ut impact 0,9 0 b 10 Middle River of discourteous incidents 03 0 0 of courteous incidents 2.1 1 0 to 3.75 Boat interference knead 1.2 1 1 to 2 Fishing competition impact 13% 25% 0 to 25% Put in impact 2.4 0 0 to 5 Take out impact 2.8 0 0105 0 0 to 3 1 to 2 25% 0 to 50% 1 0 to 5 Take out impact 4.9 1 0 to 5 CRAFT Report June 2010 Page 54 Table 6-8. Powerboat angler reported impacts. Middle./ Lower River (first fun kings) of discourteous incidents urteous incidents Close calls Boat interference Fish competition impact Put-in waiting time Take -out waiting time Middte f Lower River (July kings) of discourteous incidents incidents coo Middle River (after kings) of discourteous incidents inciden of Close calls Fish competition impact Put -in waiting time Take-out waiting time Close calls Fish competition impact Put waiting time Take out waiting time r er River (after kings) of discourteous incidents courteous incidents Close calls Boat interference Fish competition impact Put -i waiting time Take -out waiting time DRAFT Report June 2010 Mean 0.01 Median 0 13% 0% 8 0.9 Typical Range 0 to 1 O to 3 0 Oto 2 Oto25% o to 5 0 to 5 0 to 0 2,4 0.2 20% 4.3 0.2 0' 0.04 5% 0.5 0.2 0.05 5% 1.1 0 25% 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 Boa o2 0 to 50% 0 0 to 5 0 to 1 o to 2 0 0 Bot 0 0 0 0 0 to 1 0 to 25% 0.8 0 0 to 3 Page 55 Tolerances for impacts For each impact question, users were asked to identify a tolerance (the amount of impact "you would tolerate before your trip becomes unpleasant on the same scale; they could also check "it doesn't matter to me" or "it doesn't matter to me as long as I'm catching fish." Data are useful in several ways: First, the percent who give a number (do not check "it doesn't matter measures "norm prevalence" (the percent who have a norm) and indicate an impact's importance (Shelby 1981; Whittaker and Shelby 1988; Roggenbuck et al., 1991; Shelby et al., 1996; Vaske et al., 1999). Second, median responses help identify the amount of impact tolerable to 50% of those with an opinion, which stakeholders and agencies may consider when developing standards (a key element in most visitor impact management or capacity frameworks). Frequency distributions identify whether the evaluations represent "no tolerance," "single tolerance," or "multiple tolerance" norms, which help assess the level of agreement about potential standards (Whittaker and Shelby, 1988). Third, comparisons of reported impacts and tolerances identify possible problem areas. Figure 6 -1 shows the percent reporting "this impact doesn't matter" or "it doesn't matter as long as I'm catching fish." Findings include: s Large proportions (100 minus the sum of these percentages; 60 to 90 care about impacts and were able to specify tolerances. Most anglers don't come to the Kenai to `just to catch fish," and other components of the experience matter. When fishing is poor, impacts become relevant even for harvest- oriented users. Some impacts appear "less important" than others, such as entanglements and boat interference for bank anglers, and launch waiting time for drift anglers. s "It doesn't matter" percentages are similar to those found in the 1992 Kenai study (combined percentages ranged from 8 to 35 depending upon the impact) and several other studies (Vaske et al., 1999). s The "doesn't matter" percentages are about evenly split, so "it doesn't matter to me as long as I'm catching fish" is never the full explanation. EBric arjers Eailarelete arias Ftwehoet aljes Figure 6-1. 1 YA U EFMlakierice tid» 21% 0% 2/0 Off /u t Qrstt mitertome ssecestt'niter IQya4I'mririirg 4/0 60% BO/0 100'/0 %of Itain tld Percent reporting impacts "do not matter" to them. DRAF Report June 2010 aqe 55 Figures 6 -2, 6 -3, and 6 -4 provide examples of frequency distributions for tolerances to illustrate "types of norms." Table 6 -9 summarizes generalized norms (medians) for all impacts, as well as providing additional notes about differences between segments or target species. Rircent repatingtderarce 4M Andes Smolder One rod Oeca Tvwcas Casting Average d�starce het een arcilers Qt dsight Figure 6-2. Angler proximity tolerances among bank anglers who fish for different species. In Figure 6 -2, angler proximity tolerances for bank anglers that pursue different species show: An example of two different "single tolerance norms" with relative agreement about acceptable spacing between anglers. The spacing differs for the two types of fishing. King anglers require more space (most prefer one or two car lengths) than silver or red anglers (most require only one rod length). A small proportion (12 to 15 of red and silver anglers will tolerate fishing "shoulder -to- shoulder," compared to 8% for king anglers. Some king anglers require "casting distance" or being "out of sight," but very few red or silver anglers have the same requirement. Data from 1992 suggest red angler tolerances have changed over time. Although the percentage who tolerate shoulder -to- shoulder spacing is similar (8% in 1992 vs. 12% in 2009), 60% of anglers in 1992 required a car length or greater, compared to 34% now. This is consistent with a "product shift," where anglers have learned to accept higher density conditions (possibly displacing more sensitive users). Results suggest the number of anglers that can "fit" along a segment of shore at a park unit and have a high quality experience. Managers could calculate this number and use it when designing day use parking or other facilities. DRAFT Report June. 2010 Page a Percent re tolerate 50 75 103 Fe aat ddtirre it is dfiait fining urfoncbd pace to fish Figure 6-3. Fishing competition tolerances among drift and powerboat anglers. In Figure 6 -3, fishing competition tolerances show: More examples of "single tolerance norms," with general agreement about acceptable impacts. There are some differences among the groups. Drift anglers show more agreement about a single tolerance level (25% of the time) and powerboat anglers targeting kings show the least consensus (with substantial percentages choosing 0, 25 and 50% of the time). Few anglers accept having difficulty finding uncrowded fishing more than 75% of the time. The majority report a tolerance of 25% or less. Data suggest a standard about 25 which boat density causes this to exceed the standard varies by segment (see use impact relationships below). Data from 1992 suggest fishing competition tolerances have not changed much. In Figure 6 -4, launch waiting time tolerances show: Examples of "multiple tolerance norms" with less agreement about a single acceptable level. It is more difficult to set standards for these impacts because different groups have different ideas about what is acceptable. However, a majority will not tolerate waiting longer than 15 minutes, and very few tolerate over 30 minutes. Some drift anglers appear willing to tolerate longer waits at take -outs than put -ins. Waiting time tolerances have changed slightly since 1992. For example, in 1992 only 8% of drift anglers would tolerate waits over 20 minutes compared to 29% in 2009. This fits with the "product shift" concept, where users have "downgraded" their expectations and tolerances to fit with higher use conditions. DRAFT' Report s June 2010 Page 58 Percent reporting tolerance 5 10 15 20 Launch welting tine(rrinffis) Figure 6-4. Launch waiting tolerances among drift and powerboat anglers. Table 6 -9 provides median tolerances for several impacts. The median says, "50% will tolerate this amount or less" (and is a better measure of central tendency than an average, which can be influenced by outliers). Results suggest potential standards, but differences by segment or species may he important considerations. Table 6-9. Median tolerances for impacts. Median Comments an Fishing competition Angier proximity Line entanglements Drift anglers Fishing competition Boat interference L aunch waiting time Powerboat anglers Boat interference n DRAFT Report dune 2010 25% of the time ne rod Differe Oto1 rday Not 25% of the 2 per day 5 mi 25 %of Small differences by species by speci 1 for red anglers; 0 for other species e by seg No segment differences. 25% of the time Small differences by species. inutes oat interfe Page 59 "Impact problems" Table 6 -10 shows the percent of respondents reporting impacts greater, equal, and less than their tolerances. The supplement provides additional detail. Findings include: Small percentages (generally less than 15 reported impacts greater than their tolerances, and average impact levels were never greater than average tolerances (another potential definition of an "impact problem In general, 2009 impact levels were acceptable to most users. Reported impacts were often equal to tolerances (22 to 65 indicating little "margin" for increased impact. Combining the `impact tolerance" and `impact tolerance" categories, a majority reported impacts greater than or equal to their tolerances for 7 of the 12 impacts. For these, most users accept what they experienced in 2009, but don't want impacts to worsen. Higher percentages of bank anglers report impacts greater than or equal to their tolerances. 1992 results generally showed similar total percentages greater than or equal to tolerances. However, bank angler findings provided some exceptions. For example, more 1992 Upper River bank anglers reported impacts greater than (33 or equal to tolerances (55 than 2009 (with 10% and 45 respectively). Table 6-10. Percent reporting impacts greater than, equal to, or less than tolerances. Bank anglers Angler proximity Fishing competition Entanglements oat interference Drift anglers Fishing competition Boat interference Take -out time Powerboater anglers Boat interference Fishing competition Put time Take -out time Use impact relationships Report s Jurne 2010 Impact tolerance (impact problem) 4 42 47 8 8 7 11 Impact tolerance Impact standard (no problem) (potential problem) 49 42 65 f6rs` t5.Gifts 37 40 27 8 47 36 Put -in; 6 6 22 40 50 57 71 57 39 41 Analyses explored relationships between use measures and several reported impacts (including perceived crowding). Following Cohen (1988) and Vaske (2008), correlations in applied social sciences are considered "small effect" if they are about 0.1, a "moderate effect" about 0.3, and a "strong effect" above Page 50 0,5. A list of impacts and the most highly correlated use measures are given in Tables 6 -11 to 6 -14. Findings are discussed separately; the supplement provides correlations for other use measures. Table 6-11. Correlations between use levels and reported crowding impacts for bank anglers. Upper River bank anglers Ferry passenger counts RR confluence to tree counts RR day parking users 1(m's Landing trailer counts Middle River bank anglers Lower River bank anglers Pillars vehicle counts Centennial vehicle counts Overall crowding 55 52 Denotes no statistically significant relationship (p >.05). Angler proximity -.32 -.31 -.22 Fishing Line Boat competition entanglements interference 26 23 33 37 30 .24 2 .47'' 40 Table 6 -11 shows use- impact correlations for bank anglers. Findings include: Several impacts are related to use measures at moderate to strong levels, showing that higher use levels produce higher reported impacts or perceived crowding among bank anglers. This is true for many but not all social impacts in recreation settings, so verification is important. In general, the strongest relationships are between use and perceived crowding (correlations between .24 and .55). Bank angler use level measures are "imperfect" because they count people or vehicles at specific access points, which does not always account for variation in where they go. Vehicle counts at major access points are helpful for describing relative use levels. The weakest use- impact relationship is for boat interference, which is probably mediated by boater behavior (and therefore less correlated with boat numbers). Discourteous behavior was not related to use measures on any segment (not shown). DRA 'a t Jute 2010 Fare 61 Table 6 -12. Correlations between use levels and reported crowding impacts for drift anglers. Upper River Ferry passenger counts Middle River drift anglers Bing's trailer counts 1 1 raft0 do Stec Overall crowding Boat Fishing Courteous interference competition behavior 21 Sanctuary counts R day parking-users Jim's Landing trailer counts River drift angle Pillars boat trailers Total boats Total guided boats fishing 34 27 .16 21 36 30 37 Denotes no statistically significant relationship (p >.05). 2 20 25 27 .10 23 54 Table 6 12 shows use impact correlations for drift anglers. Findings include: Perceived crowding shows moderate to strong correlations with use. Other impacts are less strongly related. Weaker relationships may be due to more coarse use measures on certain segments or specific attributes of drift trips (e.g., Lower River drift trips were usually on lower use "drift-only Mondays Reports of discourteous behavior were not related to use (not shown), but courteous behavior was positively related (more use more courteous behavior). The relationship was particularly strong' for the Middle River. Higher use may encourage people to "be nicer" to offset "friction" or put more people in close contact, affording more chances for courteous interactions. Notably, courteous behavior incidents outnumber discourteous behavior by a substantial margin (a finding that persists across segments and types of anglers). Use perceived crowding relationships are stronger for measures of boating use (e.g., launches) as opposed to measures of bank use (e.g., Ferry passenger counts). Boaters feel crowded from other boaters rather than bank users. interestingly, trailer counts at Pillars showed a higher correlation than actual boat counts for the Lower River. The Pillars trailer count might effectively reflect the most crowded fishing areas (which are often downstream of that Launch). Put -in waiting time was not significantly correlated with use levels (not shown), but take -out time was correlated with the ADF &G boat counts on the Lower River at r =0.41 (p<.001). DRAFT Report n June 2010 Page 62 Table 6 -13. Correlations between use levels and reported crowding impacts for powerboat anglers. M ddleRiver pings trailer counts DRAFT R eport u Overall crowding Boat Fishing interference competition Putin Take -out Discourteous time For anglers targeting king; Pillars trailer counts Centennial trailer counts ADF &G boat counts For anglers not targeting kings Lower River Pillars boats Suzanne Centennial trailer counts Total boats fishing Total boats Centennial trailer counts Pillars trailer counts 56 54 Denotes no statistically significant relationship (p>.05). 23 32 24 22 on s time behavior .20 .67 ,42 68 56 .50 37 69 59 45 60 .25 Table 6 -14 shows use impact correlations for powerboat anglers targeting kings and those targeting other species. Findings include: Perceived crowding shows moderate to strong correlations with use on all three segments, while other impacts are less strongly related. "Close calls" between boats were related only to use levels measured by Pillars trailers (r =.24). The number of close calls reported was very low, but the few that were reported tended to occur during higher use levels (1 reported any before July; 11% reported any in July). As with drift anglers, courteous behavior incidents were related to use levels (not shown) as measured by Pillars trailer counts (.22) and Centennial trailer counts (.35), but not ADF &G boat counts. Powerboat launch congestion on the Lower River appears to be higher on days with at least medium use (over 200 boats counted) vs. lower use (under 200); average put -in times increase from 2.7 to 6.3 minutes, and average take -out times increase from 2.7 to 4.8 minutes. These waiting times are still low compared to median tolerances about 15 minutes. There was little launch congestion on the Lower River in 2009 compared to some previous years (see Chapter 2). In general, different use measures were highly correlated. The correlations between per day Pillars trailer counts and peak ADF &G boat counts were 0.68. Pillars trailer counts are a reasonable indicators of use levels (R =.44) using the following formula (most accurate when boat counts are between about 100 and 200): Counts on the river 43 2.03 x (the count of Pillars trailers) DRAFT Repots June 2010 shoulder oP o w ry °w °mo °'9 Figure 6- 5 shows how use affects angler proximity and number of line entanglements per day for bank anglers on the Upper River. These curves show how conditions change as use increases, and allow stakeholders and managers to estimate the use level at which average impacts exceed tolerances. For angler proximity, over 1,000 Ferry anglers per day distance between anglers has decreased to less than one rod Length (the median tolerance for red anglers). For entanglements, use levels as low as 400 produce more entanglements than the median tolerance (1 per day), and entanglements increase dramatically (to 6 7 per day) over 1,000. In 2009, these higher use levels occurred during the peak of the first red run but not during the second. e k9 i Ithl er of Ferry passengers per day Figure 6-5. Use vs. impact relationships for angler proximity and line entanglements for Upper River bank anglers. Figure 6-6 (next page) shows how use affects perceived crowding among Upper River bank anglers. Using this example to apply the "rule of thumb" capacity categories, use levels of about 800 to 1,000 Ferry passengers per day produce crowding levels in the "over capacity" range, and use levels over 1,000 are "greatly over capacity This is consistent with reported angler proximities (which begin to exceed tolerances at those use levels). Page 64 Ken A° o Figure 6-6. Use vs. percent reporting crowding for Upper River bank anglers. Figure 6 -7 shows how use affects perceived crowding and fishing competition among Upper River drift anglers. Applying the "rule of thumb" capacity categories, use levels over 40 Sportsman Launches per day produce crowding levels in the "over capacity" range. In 2009, use did exceed 60 launches enough to create "greatly over capacity" levels. The percents of time anglers had difficulty finding an uncrowded place to fish follow perceived crowding levels. Median tolerance for this impact was about 25 percent of the time, which occurred at about 40 boats per day the same use level that is "over capacity" by the perceived crowding "rule of thumb." 1 reporting crowding 80 Overcapacity BtfPh High nonce/ Low nonnal 0% ty o DRAF°, GierorteJune2F!0 Great/y over capacity No crowding 15 0 M1 o w o o an o ff o te e` Number of Ferry passengers per day ent feeling cro 9 Number of launches per day (Sportsmen s) 40 10 Figure 6-7. Use vs. crowding and fishing competition for Upper River drift anglers. frage b Figure 6 -8 shows how use affects perceived crowding among Lower River king powerboat anglers. Applying the "rule of thumb" capacity categories, at boat counts below 150 crowding is low. At about 150, crowding levels reach "over capacity," remaining there through the highest use levels in 2009 (about 350 boats). Counts on high use days in other years have reached 450 to 500 boats, and might produce higher crowding ratings (this study can't confirm that). Figure 6 -9 shows how use affects fishing competition and boat interference Median competition tolerances are exceeded above 210 to 240 boats, while boat interference impacts were close to tolerances throughout the 2009 season. 1 rgo.+dry P w 0# 0c# o o o ee ee eti o ry0 e ti w t w w ,,O t a 'h0 6 0 C nY 4" ry e 0 ^3' 4 b'Y ADF8G boat cant an LoA& River Figure 6-8. Use vs. percent feeling crowded for powerboat anglers on the Lower River. p `8 `a e° 1 ti eP y ry P° ti x� 3' ,4' P r° t o ,qS \0 0 .P C e <e• 1 w� 'Y' 'Y�O 'Y' 4 PL PLFBG beet cart al Loner Myer Figure 6-9. Use vs. percent feeling crowded for powerboat anglers on the Lower River. DRAFT Report e June 2010 Rage 66 Crowding and Satisfaction Kenai t 1 ttt �c ine ications Taken together, use impact and tolerance information can help managers and stakeholders assess which use levels produce unacceptable conditions, a first step to managing for higher quality. Although there is variability in the relationships between use and impacts, and some diversity in tolerances for impacts, planning efforts offer opportunities to consider the choices. These can be integrated with management actions that might address those impacts (which may include reducing or redistributing use). Other relationships among on -site survey variables Visitor satisfaction has frequently been measured in recreation settings (Heberlein Vaske 1977; Kuss, et al., 1990). However, satisfaction is not a particularly useful measure for assessing recreation experience quality. In addition, satisfaction levels are typically quite high, although consumptive users such as hunters and anglers consistently show lower satisfaction compared to non consumptive users such as hikers and rafters (Vaske, et al., 1982; Vaske et al., 2009). For many well documented reasons, it is usually weakly or unrelated to use, crowding, or impact measures; it is too general to evaluate conditions managers might influence (Shelby Heberlein, 1986). Having noted these limitations, general satisfaction ratings are often requested by managing agencies, and they are included in this study for completeness. On a five point scale from "very unsatisfied" to "very satisfied," 78% of bank anglers, 91% of drift anglers, 81% of powerboat anglers, and 91% of non- anglers reported they were satisfied or very satisfied with their trips, and averages for most group /segment combinations were about 4.0 to 4,2. Consistent with previous research, non anglers averaged higher satisfaction (4.6), although they were joined by driftboat anglers on the Upper River at 4.7 and powerboat anglers on the Middle River at 4.6. Both groups have higher catch rates associated with trout/Dolly fisheries. The relationship between satisfaction and crowding was statistically significant and in the predicted direction (more crowding less satisfaction) for a few group /segment situations, but was always weak as predicted by the literature. For bank anglers, the satisfaction crowding correlation ranged from -.07 to .15; for drift anglers it was significant only on the Middle River -.13); for powerboat anglers it was significant only for Lower River anglers not targeting kings -.27). Note that the number of fish caught was also weakly related to satisfaction (.13 to .14 for different groups); crowding and the number of fish hooked have roughly the same effect on satisfaction ratings. What impacts influence crowding? Table 6 -4 provides correlations between perceived crowding and reported impacts; results indicate which impacts affect experiences most. Findings include: Over three quarters (55 of 72) of the group /segment situations showed statistically significant relationships (p <.05) and all significant ones were in the predicted direction (more impact greater crowding). Some but not all impacts measured clearly influence crowding ratings, as predicted in the literature (Vaske et al., 2002). Significant correlations ranged from small (about 0.1) to strong (0.5), with the latter deserving greater management attention. Strong correlations include fishing competition among bank anglers on the Lower and Middle River, fishing competition among drift anglers on the Lower and Upper River, and boat interference, fishing competition, and launch waiting times among powerboat anglers on the Lower River (outside the king season). T ,..FT Report June 2010 Fags 57 Table 6-14. Correlations between perceived crowding and reported impacts. Bank anglers Angler proximity Fishing competition Discourteous behavior Courteous behavior Boat interference impact Entanglements Drift anglers Boat interference impact Discourteous behavior Fishing competition Courteous behavior Put in time Takeout time Powerboat anglers nterference impact Discourteous behavior Fishing competition Courteous behavior Put in time Take out time DRAFT Report J•urre 2010. Stud All anglers -.33 24 14 2 .13 .18 2 24 All anglers 40 Lower River -.29 .34 36 Middle River -.33 54 13 .17 29' 40 ,22 Kings as primary 31 30 Lower not kings 59 Upper River -.32 23 13 .18 22 9 Middle not kings Additional regression analysis shows influences on crowding for all impacts taken together (using stepwise removal of non- significant impacts). Results are given in Table 6 -15. Findings are similar to the bivariate correlations in Table 6 -16, but account for overlapping variance and provide an "effect size" (R Models for different groups explain about one third of the variance in perceived crowding, a reasonably strong effect for social science data. Additional variance may be related to anglers' tolerances, expectations, or preferences. When considered together, impacts have small to medium effects on crowding, so there is not just one kind of impact that makes people feel crowded. )'age 68 Bank anglers Powerboat anglers targeting kings 31 Table 6-15. Relationships between crowding and reported impacts. Fishing competition (.31) Angler proximity -.20) Entanglements (.16) Discourteous behavior (.13) Put -in time (.28) Take -out time (.20) .32 Boat interference (.18) Discourteous behavior (.18) Courteous behavior -.13) e -ou sorco of sigrtlTirant Courteous behavior Boat interference Fishing competition RAP": Ralport t June 2010 Page 69 For all users 7. Issue Importance This chapter presents information from the follow -up survey for users, landowners, and guides about which issues are more important. Respondents were asked to rate 24 issues on a 5 -paint importance scale from not at all important" to "extremely important." The list of issues was developed form focus groups and reviewed by agencies; respondents could also suggest other issues (see supplemental report for verbatim responses). Figures 7 -1 ranks issues for all users by average importance ratings (and shows percent very and extremely important). Results illustrate major findings, but simplify differences between user groups (discussed in greater detail below). Percent "very" and "extremely" important 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% L itera M1 n 0101 Waste C scnurt txisbehaVior I� eo nktraMplinC1 Faaeatt tunr oawtlgi 1 Einkangloraerass 1 1-AMBErBithir Fs t nU s e�tnitiT+,artd+ =s,: IlfiltIEt Not at all Slightly Average t importance d reds rating (bottom scale) 5 lks gs er River Percent "vets." or "extremely in portant' (bars and for scale) Moderately Very Extremely Average importance rating Figure 7-1. Average importance ratings and percent "very" or "extremely important" for management issues among all users. Findings include: Many issues are important to majorities of users. For example, even lower -rated issues (e.g., visual impacts of docks and boardwalks, with a mean of 2.9) had one third of users reporting the issue was very or extremely important. Over 70% rate issues such as boating safety very or extremely important. Issues related to physical or biological conditions tend to be among the most important. Six of the top ten issues were litter and human waste, bank trampling, recreation impacts on wildlife, powerboat DRAFT Report June 010 "age 70 effects on erosion, hydrocarbon pollution, and water clarity/ turbidity. The 1992 study had similar findings, emphasizing that a healthy ecosystem is a starting point for high quality recreation experiences. Habitat protection and restoration efforts over the past two decades have improved habitat in several previously impacted areas. The continued high importance ratings for these bio- physical impact issues suggest the public is still concerned and may support even greater management attention. Two user behavior issues, discourteous incidents and boating safety, were also near the top of the list, confirming that Kenai users care about social aspects of their experiences on the river. Two facility infrastructure issues, the amount of river access for bank anglers and the amount of facilities to handle the volume of use, were also ranked in the "top ten." Despite an extensive array of local, state, and federal facilities along the river, many users appear interested in improvements or increased bank access. Except for safety and discourteous behavior, conflicts between guided and unguided users, motorized and non motorized users, and landowners and anglers were not rated as highly as several biophysical impacts, but were generally at the top of the "experiential" issues. The lowest importance issues were visual impacts from development and scenic rafting use on the Upper River. The numbers of boats or users on specific segments were generally ranked lower. However, results are confounded because not all respondents use or care about every segment; for the respondents who actually use a segment, ratings are invariably higher. Overall, results for all users show the relative importance of overuse issues, suggesting greater concern about bank angling use in red salmon season, powerboats on the Lower River in July, and boating use on the Upper River during red runs. Results are broadly consistent with segments /seasons that have higher use and crowding. Differences between user groups Table 7 -1 provides similar information for all users, landowners, and the three major angler groups. Results show some differences, including: Landowners were similar to powerboat anglers in their issue ratings, not surprising given that about three quarters of landowners use powerboats on the Lower or Middle River. Landowners also ranked bank angler numbers during red seasons, trespass conflicts, guided/unguided conflicts, and boat numbers on the Lower River in July higher than did users. Among the three angler groups, bank anglers were predictably more concerned about the amount of bank angler access and the number of bank anglers in red season. They were less concerned than powerboat anglers about boating safety, guided /unguided use conflicts, and the number of powerboats on the Lower River. Drift anglers ranked many issues slightly higher than other groups, with notably higher ratings for the number of boats on the Upper River (during and after red season) and motor /non -motor conflicts. Powerboat anglers tended to rank many issues slightly lower than other groups. They were less concerned with hydrocarbon pollution and wake erosion, two issues which might restrict equipment or behavior. However, they showed higher concern for the boating use levels on the Lower River in July and guided/unguided use issues. DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 71 hOn Stu ry Table 7 -1. Average importance ratings for management issues: all users, landowners, and major user groups. 4 4.4 4.0 3,3 3.5 38 7.6 .001 Saak -1 9 36 47 .009 St- 5 3i1 7.9 .001 Dn er and human waste Discourteous behavior Boats Upper River after reds DRAFT Report €une 201U All Land users owners Bank Drift Power F P Different groups Bank trampling 4,0 4.2 4,© 4,2 39 2,4 009 on Recreation impacts on wildlife Powerboat effects on erosion Bank angler access Hydrocarbon pollution Water clarity /turbidity Facilities to handle use 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.5 Bat* anglers in red seasons 3.5 Bear human interactions 3.5 3.2 3.6 3.6 Guided/unguided conflict Boats Lower River in July Motorized/non-motorized conflict Boats Upper River during reds Landowner- angler conffict Boats Middle River 2nd reds 3.1 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.5 13.2 .001 Power from others 90 1 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.5 6.5 .002 Power from others 3.8 4.8 .009 Drift power 2.2 .0 3.2 8.3 .001 Power from others 3.4 4.2 3.2 3.4 3.7 5.9 .003 Bank power 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.5 2.8 13.6 .001 All three different .001 at Boats Middle River after 2 reds 3.0 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.0 Boats Lower River other Mos. Visual docks and boardwalks Visual homes and buildings Scenic rafting Upper River 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.3 3.6 .029 Daft -power 1 Based on Scheffe tests at p<.05 among the three main user groups. For guides Table 7 -2 provides similar information for guides, including differences between drift and powerboat guides, which were also compared to drift and powerboat users (not shown here; see supplement). Table 7-2. Average importance ratings for management issues among guides. 2.9 2.8 39 2.4 6.7 .00 er and human Discourteous behavior Bank trampling Boating safety Recreation impacts on wildlife Powerboat effects on erosion Bank angler access Hydrocarbon pollution Water clarity turbidity Facilities to handle use Bank anglers in red seasons Bear human interactions Guided /ung'ided conflict Boats Lower River in July Motorized(non- motorized conflict Boats Upper River during reds Landowner angler conflict Boats Middle River 2nd reds 2.7 Boats tipper River after reds Boats Middle River after 2nd reds 2.8 Boats Lower River other mos. 2. Visual docks and boardwalks Visual homes and buildings Scenic rafting Upper River 2.1 F i 6Reporl r June .201 All guides Drift guides Powerboat guides t p 4.4 4.8 4,2 4.0 001 4.1 4.4 4.0 2.2 .02 4.3 4.4 4.2 4.6 3.6 48 4.5 2.3 .018 6 4.1 3, 3.9 001 3.4 4.2 3.1 5.2 .001 3 2.9 3.4 -22 032 4.2 4 4.0 32 3.6 00 4.2 4.1 4.2 2 3.6 3.0 27 ,009 3.2 3.9 2.9 4.6 001 9 3 .4 2.1 033 3.3 3.7 3.2 2. 5 .013 1 3.7 2.8 4.0 .001 2. 8 3.7 2.3 6.3 .001 3.4 3.4 2. 5 3.9 .001 4.5 .001 3.4 2.5 4.2 .001 Page 73 Findings include: a Drift guides rated 17 of the 24 issues higher than powerboat guides. The only issue powerboat guides ranked higher was bank angler access. Y Even with these differences, the rank order for the two guide groups was similar (and to their user counterparts). The few notable differences include: o Boating safety was rated higher for both guide groups compared to users. This makes sense given liability concerns. o Facilities to handle use were rated higher for guides than users; this fits with guide interest in efficient trips (e.g., avoiding launch congestion). o Water clarity was rated considerably lower by powerboat guides. This issue has received considerable attention in 2009 -10 in response to KWF and DEC turbidity studies, and might affect powerboat use. o Powerboat guides rated Upper River use issues much lower than users; few powerboat guides use this segment. o Both types of guides rated visual impact issues slightly higher than users. This may reflect interest in marketing the Kenai's undeveloped setting. m If one arrays importance scores for any given issue, drift guides are generally highest, followed by drift users, powerboat users, and powerboat guides. A survey of Kodiak Island trail users found a similar pattern regarding motorized /non motorized issues; motor and non -motor enthusiasts stakeholders (some of whom were guides) held stronger views than "average users" in their counterpart groups (Whittaker 2004). DRAFT Report TPurIe2010 Pale;4 This chapter provides information from the follow -up survey about how people respond to crowded situations. The questions asked if respondents ever feel crowded on the river, then provided a check list of potential responses for those who had. The question was asked in the 1992 study. General crowding measure Figure 8 -1 shows the percent that "sometimes feel crowded" vs. those who "never feel crowded" or "enjoy the crowds and social atmosphere." Findings include: Almost three quarters of 2009 users and guides feel crowded some of the time. However, percent feeling crowded is lower than in 1992. One possible explanation is that 2009 had lower use levels on the Lower River during kings and on the entire river during the second run of reds. Another explanation is that current users are more tolerant of higher use and impacts that are part of the "new experience" (a product shift). The percentage of uses responding "I enjoy crowds" has tripled since 1992 (from 4% to 13 additional support for the product shift explanation. Differences between groups were generally small. However, fewer non anglers and more landowners felt crowded, and drift guides were more likely to feel crowded than powerboat guides. 0 T Rep Rift A Ai A. A. Power 59% 85% 81% so°r 84% users 1"92 gdieSik rxuvta guides Banc argl Drift anglers Pw.ertxat n ers 8. Responding to Crowding I efy*Y and social 3 100% 80 60/0 40/o 2670 0 20% 40% We 80% 100% %enjoy crowds don't feel crowded %feel crowded sometimes Figure 8-1. Percent of different groups that enjoy crowds, don't feel crowded, and feel crowded sometimes. Page 9: Responses to crowding For those who felt crowded, Figure 8 -2 shows user responses to crowding in 1992 and 2009. Findings include: The pattern of "coping" responses is similar in both years, indicating some stability in how people react. The most popular ways to deal with crowding are to 1) avoid other users in the same area, 2) plan to take trips mid -week, 3) plan a trip at a different time of day, or 4) plan a trip for a different segment. These responses all redistribute use to lower use times and places, but they also reduce the diversity of experiences in the system (e.g., weekdays start to look more like weekends). Higher proportions of 1992 users reported these top responses. Fewer 2009 users report proactively coping with crowding, consistent with the "product shift" hypothesis. Some report becoming more tolerant of the higher use/higher impact situation, while others may have become displaced. The proportion who become dissatisfied is similar, but fewer 2009 users report "resigning themselves to a new more crowded experience" (32% to 23 This runs counter to the "product shift" hypothesis, unless current users don't recognize they have adapted to the higher use /impact situation. Nearly one quarter of current users report taking trips less frequently, a response not offered in 1992. This is an estimate of "partially displaced" users. The study cannot estimate "fully displaced" users because they would not go to the river at all (and can't become part of the sample). Taking trips in the off season, using another river, or engaging in another type of recreation are less common responses to crowding. Report a June 231E Figure 8-2. Among those who felt crowded, percent checking coping responses (all users). Table 8 -1 provides "responses to crowding" for different user groups. Findings include: Powerboat anglers are less likely to avoid others in the same area, supporting the idea (in Chapter 5) that some powerboat anglers may even seek out others (because boat concentrations indicate fishing success). Powerboat anglers are much more likely to take trips at a different time of day, a common unguided user strategy on the Lower River during July king season. Guide hours constrain guided users, although they can go later in the day, which tends to have lower use. Powerboat anglers are slightly more likely to become resigned to a higher density experience. Drift anglers are slightly more likely to go to another river than other anglers (with the drift-only Kasilof listed most often). Non anglers generally engage in fewer coping responses, and lower percentages report feeling crowded; these users appear less sensitive to high use levels. Landowners are generally similar to powerboat anglers, but they are less likely to go to another segment (probably because they access the river from their residence). Table 8 -1. Among those who felt crowded, percent checking different coping responses (different groups). Bank Drift Powerboat Non anglers anglers anglers anglers Try to avoid others (in Plan: same segment, middle of week Plan; same segment, new time of day Plan: other segments Go less frequently Resign to crowded experience Become dissatisfied Plan: other segments day of week Plan: same segment, off season Go to another dyer Do other types of recreation Plan other segments off season DRAFT Report June 2010 All users 45 32 29 28 23 12 5 7 4 4 Land- owners 36 15 17 5 4 Figure 8 -3 provides "responses to crowding" for drift and powerboat guides. Findings include: Guides are about twice as likely as users to "resign themselves" to crowded experiences as users (52% vs. 23 Guides who want to work regularly must take trips even when it's crowded, consistent with a product shift. Drift guides reported more coping responses, with large percentages reporting they try to avoid others on the same segment (77 and become resigned to the new experience (66 They were also more likely to report dissatisfaction due to crowding (28% vs. 8 In general, drift guides appear more sensitive to crowding and more likely to actively cope with it. Powerboat guides are less likely to avoid others or go to other segments. Their trips are more focused on fishing success for kings and silvers, they target specific times and places, and they are less willing to fish other times and places just to avoid crowding. No guides reported willingness to go to another river in response to crowding (not shown). Page 77 DRAFT Report Resign TYm F an: P an: Guides in 2009 are less likely to utilize several coping responses compared to 1992. For example, 60% of all guides in 1992 reported avoiding others in the same area compared to 48% in 2009. This is consistent with a product shift. F an: II'' ftcome pissatisied F an: other seg St Fan: sate e segdent, off seasa} tt F an: or Ca less fiequentiy a oil on F an: other segr nts &e4f season 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Drift guides 07 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Powerboat guides Figure 6.3. Percent of guides checking different responses to crowding (among those who felt crowded). mne 2010 Page 78 9. Changing Conditions, Past lise, and Displacement This chapter provides information from the follow up survey about how the river may have changed in recent years. The survey asked respondents to rate the overall quality of trips and management, whether they have reduced or stopped use of certain segments and seasons, and why. Overall trip quality and management Figure 9 -1 shows reported changes in the quality of trips and agency management over the years (percent "stayed the same" are not shown). Findings include: For trip quality, greater percentages of most groups report decline rather than improvement (often more than twice as many). For landowners, who generally have used the river for more years, the ratio of decline to improvement is 3 to 1. Results suggest that the Kenai's "trip quality reputation" is trending downward. Bank anglers are the only group with more respondents reporting improvement than decline. One explanation is that many bank anglers have seen lower use levels during recent red salmon seasons as the personal use fishery has provided an alternative. A second is that the fishing platform system has provided many better places to fish (even though other bank angling areas have been closed). Non anglers were evenly divided, with most reporting quality had "stayed the same" (100 the sum of improvement decline). For quality of agency management, most groups reported more improvement than decline. Even though trip quality may be trending downward, many respondents credit agency management for trying to address problems. Non anglers and bank anglers were most likely to feel this way; expanded facilities (especially boardwalks for hank anglers) and facility improvements are two of several possible explanations. DRAF`; Report June 2010 60% 40'/0 20% o% 30 40% 60''0 80% 100'/0 9lstaitiallya slightly declined Sightly asristaiially ingmul Figure 9-1. Percent reporting improvement or decline in trip and management quality. 100'/ 9(P/ Page 79 The two groups that showed more management decline than improvement were powerboat guides and landowners, who generally have longer experience on the river. These groups are also more likely to use powerboats on the Lower River for kings, probably the situation with the greatest management challenges (with several crowding and fishery issues). As with trip quality, the "quality of management" question was intentionally general; responses could refer to a wide variety of local, state, or federal programs or facilities. Agencies received credit for their efforts despite the challenges of a complex river, but complacency is not warranted because 15 to 40% of different groups still report a decline in management. Respondents were asked if they have reduced or stopped visiting at some times (Figure 9 -2). The question was also asked in 1992 (but without the "reduced" option). Findings include: About one -third of all users have reduced or stopped using segments of the river. Taken together with trip quality findings, substantial numbers of users perceive a downward trend and have adjusted their behavior by "within site" displacement. A majority of landowners report displacement, with about half reducing their use and half no longer using some segments. Landowners generally have a longer history by which to evaluate trends. They are also older and more likely to be retired, so they may be more willing to change their use when conditions are less than optimal. Guides were slightly less likely to report displacement, which makes sense given their dependency on trips for income. Y e Past use and displacement CPA Figure 9-2. Percent of groups who have reduced or stopped visiting segments of the river. e 2010 20% 3VA 40% 50% 60% 70% %that have reduced or stopped using some secprcr tslm Page 90 Too many people Too many guide boats Percentages higher than 20% in bold. DRAFT Report June 2010 Respondents who reported reducing or stopping use were asked to check the segments and reasons. The percentages for each segment are given in Table 9 -1, with percentages greater than 20% in bold. Findings include: The most important reasons for displacement are crowding related (e.g., too many people, boats, guide boats, powerboats, or discourteous behavior), although perceived decline in fishing success is also an issue on some segments for some groups. In general, the segments with more displacement are the Lower and Upper River. On the lower river the number of people and boats are more often mentioned; on the Upper River the number of people is more frequently mentioned. Landowners are much more likely to report many reasons, and most of their displacement has been from the Lower River. Note: Few landowners were from the Upper River. Guides were more likely to report displacement from the Lower River, but they cite many of the same crowding related reasons as users; 28% even cite "too many guide boats." Guides were more likely to cite "decline in fishing success" as a reason for displacement (especially on the Lower River where it tied with "too many boats" for the top reason). Additional analysis of users reporting displacement suggests that slightly more were drift and powerboat anglers and slightly less were bank anglers. Table 9-1. Percent reporting different reasons for reducing /stopping use on different segments. eous behavior My partners consider it too crowded Too many unguided boa 3Fulf3l'A� �r Prefer fishing in other locations Now I fish from a boat I no longer use a boat Users n =283 Guides n =46 Landowners n =121 45 33 45 37 24 1 62 25 1 45 25 22 28 1 4 70 27 7 31 20 21 39 1 2 55 17 6 24 17 16 44 28 7 23 12 4 8 12 16 18 5 7 5 15 20 5 4 9 6 7 20 1 3 4 8 3 1 6 7 5 5 2 0 2 <1 7 2 0 TOO lrl� Too much discou Page a1 Un July August September Respondents were also asked to check the months in which they stopped or reduced their use. The percentages for each segment are given in Table 9 -2, with percentages greater than 20% in bold. Findings include: a The Lower River in July is the segment month combination with the highest amount of displacement, although substantial numbers also identified June on the Lower River too. Displacement is substantial on the Middle River in July for many users and landowners, but guides were more likely to be displaced from the Middle River in August or September. For users, there has been some displacement from the Upper River in June, July, and August. Relatively few guides or landowners report displacement from the Upper River. Table 9-2. Percent reporting different months when they reduced /stopped use on different segments. Guides n =46 Lower Middle Upper 24 17 59 17 22 11 9 Users n =283 Lower Middle Upper 22 24 53 2 7 33 10 33 1 0 Landowners n =121 Lower Middle Upper 6 78 11 28 12 DRAFT Report, June '20i0 PAa ge 82 11 9 User opinions toward general management strategies DRAFT Report ,fez 10. General Management Strategies Lie no faceeckration Go japed reglatias 1-rtkn HO me areas ac}eltealratim -soda) inpeds Ewttinpoe facilities to Hyde use Boating slay regulabas Iramee Ianalurcent tart aids atticr safelyedrion Ptgars NW/facilities Abe apses to Ices used areas Zsirg tosepatzte conflict] 60 40'/0 20 0% 2P /o %s1tuijyad slightly cppcee 1) This chapter provides information from the follow -up survey about general management strategies that might be used to address use and visitor impacts on the Kenai. Respondents were asked about 11 potential strategies (listed below), on a 5-point scale from "strongly support" to "strongly oppose, with "neutral" and "don't know" options. Develop new facilities (such as launches, day use areas, and campgrounds) to handle the volume of use. Expand or improve facilities to handle the volume of use. Develop more access to less -used sections of river to help redistribute use. Harden high use areas (with boardwalks, stairs, or gravel /paved trails) to reduce impacts from use. Boater safety education programs. "Etiquette" education to address social impacts. Regulations to improve boating safety (such as no wake zones, speed limits in "thru lanes "Leave no trace" education to address biophysical impacts (such as human waste, fire rings, vegetation loss). Regulations to address biophysical impacts (such as human waste, fire rings, vegetation loss). Limit use through permit reservation systems. Zoning regulations to separate conflicting users (boat vs. bank anglers, motorized vs. non motorized). Figure 10 -1 shows results for all users, ordered by average scores. Findings include: There is majority support for all but two general strategies, suggesting broad interest in a diverse set of management approaches. The strongest support was for education approaches and strategies that address biophysical impact issues. It is common to find greater support for "soft" education compared to "hard" regulation approaches to environmental problems, particularly in recreation settings. The greater interest in Figure 10-1. Percent support or oppose general management strategies for all users. 40% 60% 80Y0 100'/0 %slightly and stiagly%mai addressing biophysical impacts fits with issue priorities presented in Chapter 7. Slightly smaller proportions of users had opinions about education/regulation strategies for addressing boating safety, which makes sense because many bank anglers may not care about this issue. Among the "majority support" strategies, the only two with substantial (18 to 20 opposition were new facilities or new access to less used areas. These respondents may be concerned that such development will attract greater use and exacerbate existing problems. Users were divided over use of zoning regulations to separate conflicting uses, and a majority opposed limiting use through permits or reservation systems. Differences between user groups The three angling groups were compared by average scores. Important differences are described below; specific results are provided in the supplement: Powerboat anglers showed less support for boating safety and zoning regulations, either of which could change how powerboat anglers currently use the river. For safety regulations, 50% support and 18% oppose the strategy, and for zoning regulations, 51% oppose and 21% support. Powerboat anglers were less supportive of "minimum impact" education to address biophysical impacts, but still showed majority support. Drift anglers were less supportive for developing new facilities, developing access to less -used areas, hardening high use areas, and expanding/improving facilities to handle the volume of use (although there was still majority support). Concern probably focuses on their potential to attract more use or provide bank angler access to areas that are currently accessible primarily by boats. Drift anglers were slightly more supportive of use limits, but still showed more opposition than support. Landowner opinions toward general strategies Landowners were similar to users for most strategies, showing majority support for most strategies and majority opposition toward use limits. However, there were some differences worth noting (see supplement): Landowners showed more opposition (44 for zoning regulations than drift anglers (31 This fits with the high proportion of landowners who use powerboats, although landowners showed less opposition than powerboat users (79% opposed). Landowners were similar to drift anglers (and different from other groups) in showing Less support for new facilities and developing access to less -used places on the river. This is consistent with the "last settler" hypothesis (Neilson, Shelby Haas, 1977), where current users oppose additional development that may attract more use "close the door after 1 get settled DRAFT Report June 2010 PageB4 at on Stu Guide opinions toward general management strategies Guide opinions were often similar to users in showing majority support for a broad array of strategies; drift and powerboat guides were also similar to their counterpart user groups (drift and powerboat anglers) when there were differences between those groups. In a few cases guides showed notably stronger support (or opposition) than users, as shown in Figure 10 -2. The supplement provides further details about guide opinions. Findings include: Drift and powerboat guides were much more supportive of boater education programs than users. Guides currently have to complete a week long guide course to work on the river, while there are no boater education requirements for users (although State Parks offers free one -day boater education courses). Drift guides were more supportive of boater safety regulations than drift anglers, who in turn were more supportive than powerboat anglers (although all showed majority support). Powerboat guides were divided over the need for boater safety regulation. o Drift guides showed majority support for zoning (which might include additional drift only zones or times), while drift anglers showed more support than opposition. In contrast, 79% of powerboat guides were opposed to this idea, while only 51% of powerboat anglers reported the same. Drift guides were the only group to show majority support for limiting use through permits or reservations. The only users on the river that already have use limits are Upper River guides (the number of guides and "starts" per week is limited by the USFWS from the Russian River to Skilak). Some of these limit- supporting guides may appreciate the ability of this approach to minimize impacts, but some also want limits applied to all groups (not just themselves). DRAFT Report 13z9bar safety edrAim Rogars Cili gibs 6n Cift a ijas 1C13 58% Fbna agas ems' 1 61% Paagtcts 49s' 1 rejlabms to irrpme hoarg safely CA Bides CFR agar Puer ceders Fbne' gices CD 40% Zoning rugs to separate conflicts C ft gibs C ft aijas Pone anglers Rana gucm 1 z:=. soy 9 21% Licit use trough p mils CRft gidEs 2' aft ages h 33% Fbna agars 25% 55% 1 42% Figure 10-2. Percent support for selected general strategies among different groups. 1 c 1 91 10ff /o 37/0 37/ 40/0 21% 0% 2P /o 40'/0 60/ 377/0 100'/0 %slraigly ardsligYlyofpose %slightly and stvcjysFporl une 2010 Page 55 Middle River New launch on Funny River Road across from Morgan's (mile 31) Expand docks at Bing's Landing New boat restrooms near Killey River outlet New boat restrooms near Skilak Lake outlet DRAFT Report June 2010 eaton Study o fir ttk .E ons 11. Recreation Facility Development Maintenance Actions This chapter provides information from the follow-up survey, about specific development and maintenance actions that might be used to address use and visitor impacts. Respondents were asked about 8 actions for the entire river, six for the Lower River, four for the Middle River, and three for the Upper River. Responses were given on a 5 -point scale from "strongly support" to "strongly oppose, with a "neutral" option. The specific actions are listed below: For the entire river... Increase patrols and litter pick -up at public easements More restrooms in high use bank angler areas More vegetation restoration in areas where there has been bank trampling Develop fishing platforms in some areas closed to bank fishing (to re -open parts of them) More fish cleaning stations in general More fencing signs to direct users to bank areas that can withstand the use More fishing platforms stairs to protect banks at public easements (informal access areas) Manage fish carcasses to reduce bear attractants Lower River New launch in Cunningham Park (mile 6) New launch near the Pastures (mile 7 to 8) Expand parking and docks at Pillars (mile 12.5) New launch at Ciechanski (mile 15) Improve restrooms and access across tidal mud at Cunningham Park (mile 6) New boat restrooms near Mud Is. Beaver Creek (mile 10) Upper River Organize the "spider web of trails" at popular bank fishing areas Into a smaller number of formal trails Improved road maintenance on Skilak Lake Road Explore alternative ways to manage carcasses and other bear attractants in the Russian River area Development actions for the entire river Figure 11 -1 shows support and opposition for development actions for the entire river. More detailed information for specific groups is provided in the supplemental report. Findings include: There is majority support and little opposition for nearly all of these actions. There is a clear consensus among most Kenai users patrol and pick -up programs; managing bank use and providing fishing platforms to prevent trampling; efforts to restore trampled areas; or providing more facilities such as restrooms and fish cleaning stations. Results are consistent with issue priorities (Chapter 7) regarding biophysical impacts and handling the volume of use. Differences between user groups were statistically significant for six of the eight actions, but never substantively large. The largest differences were between hank and drift anglers on adding fishing platforms, reopening closed areas, and fish cleaning stations. Bank anglers were more supportive; drift angler support was less enthusiastic, perhaps because it might increase use in areas that drift anglers currently use but bank anglers do not. Landowners showed slightly more support for rest rooms and vegetation restoration, perhaps because those actions might reduce trespass problems. Guides showed less support for managing carcasses, fishing platforms, and fencing to direct bank angling use, but more support for additional restrooms. Drift guides showed more support for patrols (the only significant difference with powerboat guides). Fdrols ald titter pck+V Fell in Not use rdstae etem will lrarpl r9 Reopen c asedaem /fist Mare fish cleairgsWiorS F frarg/ tot rye h are fish platforms 100% WA 60% 40 20% 0% /s a jyorsligtlyoppose 20% Figure 11-1. Percent support toward river -wide development actions for all users. 40% �/o 80% 10U' /o %sligdiy or sfivrxy support DRAFT Report ^..une2010 Page 81 Development actions on specific segments Figure 11 -2 shows support for development actions for specific segnnents. More detailed information for specific groups is in the supplemental report. Findings include: There is majority support and little opposition for all of these actions. For the Lower River, there were few statistically significant differences between groups. Powerboat anglers were slightly more supportive of Pillars expansion and a new launch at Cunningham, while bank anglers were slightly less supportive of any launch improvement and more supportive of Cunningham access and restrooms. For the Middle River, there were no significant differences between groups. For the Upper River, there was slightly greater support for Skilak Lake Road improvements compared to other actions, but no substantive differences between groups. There was less support for exploring ways to manage salmon carcasses on the Upper River than for fish cleaning stations in general (an action in the list for the entire river). This may indicate greater support for more cleaning facilities than other carcass management actions. A majority of guides supported all of these actions, but they sometimes showed statistically significant differences from users. Guides were more supportive of three specific actions on the Lower River: Cunningham access and restroom improvements, Pillars expansion, and a new launch at Cunningham. They were less supportive of a new launch on Funny River Road or restrooms near the outlet of Skilak Lake. Drift guides showed less support than powerboat guides for Bing's Landing improvements. DRAFT !yep 9Y /0 40'/0 20 0'/0 3r /0 %91n4y a di dy 40'/0 60'/ 80% 100'/ 0 /digtly straw St of Figure 11-2. Percent support for development actions on specific segments for all users. 2 111'0 Page 'id at on Integrating development findings With extensive support for development options, it may be challenging to decide which deserve priority. Development actions can help reduce human impacts to biophysical resources; provide convenient easy access to bank fishing locations; accommodate the sheer volume of use, and reduce congestion at other facilities; or may help redistribute use to reduce on -river crowding. In sorting through development options, agencies should probably consider the following: Will development accommodate existing use or attract even higher use? On -site survey data (Chapter 6) showed higher crowding scores while fishing than at launches, parking lots, or other facilities. Development may reduce congestion at facilities, but exacerbate on -river crowding. With this in mind, development that narrowly targets specific impact problems in specific geographic locations probably makes the most sense. For example, boat accessible restrooms downstream of Pillars (e.g., Beaver Creek/Mud Island, Pastures, or improvements at Cunningham) would primarily reduce boat traffic (and associated wake- caused turbidity) between downstream fishing water and the public facilities at Pillars and decrease mid morning dock congestion at Pillars. Well situated restrooms may also reduce "user- created" toilets in the alders. With Lower River peak use reaching as high as 400 to 500 boats (multiplied by 3 to 5 people per boat), the existing toilets at Pillars and Cunningham (difficult to access during low tides) are probably not handling the demand. For powerboat use, new launches or improved parking at existing Launches present difficult choices. These may relieve congestion at existing launches, provide greater convenience, or reduce private launch fees. But if this simply adds more boats without redistributing them, crowding and impacts will worsen. A new Launch in the lower part of the Lower River might reduce "back and forth" traffic (and resulting crowding), depending on whether users choose launches based on fees, proximity to their residence, or proximity to fishing grounds. Agencies should also note that the number of boats launching from private docks is likely to increase regardless of public launch development (as more lots develop docks). a For drift boat use, launch development presents a different set of issues. Unlike powerboats, drift craft go in one direction, and launches need to be appropriately spaced to provide a diversity of trips. if additional "drift -only fishing days" on the Lower or Middle River are contemplated (see Chapter 13), developing more drift access points will be critical to even distributions of use that avoid "bottlenecks" at the few existing take -outs. There is a shortage of good driftboat access below Eagle Rock, which is particularly problematic when opposing winds and tides are strong. Development actions at launches for the Upper River (potentially at Sportsman's, Jim's or Upper Skilak) were not specifically addressed in the survey (these are not State Park facilities), However, some open -ended comments encouraged these improvements, and based on support for other launch development, we speculate they would have attracted majority support too. The Upper River survey technician, who spent considerable time at Jim's Landing, informally collected improvement suggestions in another section of the supplemental report. Development that "organizes" user created trails or provides additional light penetrating boardwalks to prevent tramping of riparian vegetation is more straight- forward. Several agencies and non- profits have supported these actions since the early 1990s, and data indicate users continue to appreciate the benefits and support them. DRAFT Report Ja Page 69 Aside from biological benefits aspects, there are some trade -offs from hardening trails or banks. Additional development decreases primitiveness and visual quality of the natural setting. Most of the Kenai is not "wilderness -like" and has extensive development, but parts of the river (particularly the federal land son the Upper and Middle River) are relatively undeveloped. Additional information on visual impacts of docks, platforms, and other development is provided in Chapter 16. "Carcass management" and its effect on human -bear interactions is another complex topic that requires both biological and social information. The large number of carcasses at popular fishing areas (especially the Russian River confluence during red runs) is a recognized problem; two questions asked about "managing fish carcasses to reduce bear attractants," and "more fish cleaning tables" on the entire river, while another asked about "exploring alternative ways to manage carcasses" on the Upper River. hi all cases, support was strong among all groups. Without responses to more detailed questions', it is challenging to interpret support as a mandate for specific actions. Fish cleaning stations might be received differently by their size and frequency, whether they have carcass "grinders" or other removal system, and whether they include buildings to reduce odors and keep bears out. Other bear- carcass management choices could range from regulations that require fish to be carried out whole to changing bear behavior through substantial aversive conditioning. Support is likely to vary for each. Each carcass management strategy is also likely to have varying biological consequences and degrees of effectiveness, with no single approach likely to work on its own. Ultimately, reducing carcass concentrations that attract bears may require a mix of facility, education, and regulation actions. To be effective, agencies will probably need to 1 settle on what they want users to do (which may vary for different Iocations on the Russian and the Kenai); 2) develop a clear education program that encourages this behavior (and be prepared to back it up with regulations); and 3) and develop appropriate facilities that cue and enable the appropriate behavior(s). In an ideal world agencies could experiment with different mixes of education and facilities to see which is most effective, but they may not have the luxury of time and resources to conduct systematic assessments. In the meantime, continued monitoring of human -bear interactions and carcass concentrations may help identify problems and suggest ways to address theta. In conjunction with planning for this study, the Forest Service developed a more systematic human -bear interaction monitoring program in 2009, which is set to be continued in 2010. Excerpts from the Forest Service monitoring report are provided in the supplemental report for comprehensiveness. The supplement also includes users' open -ended comments on bear and carcass issues, which may help agencies gauge the range of opinion on this contentious issue. All development involves capital investments as well as staff, equipment, and budgets to maintain them. All development may also have technical design challenges or biological and cultural resource impacts. There appears to be stronger public support for improving and maintaining existing facilities before building new ones. During planning for the present survey, agencies elected not to pursue questions about more specific development, education, or regulation actions because this issue really needs a separate study. DRAFT Report June 2010 C ndinas a tr i t5 12. Education and Regulation Actions This chapter provides information from the follow -up survey about specific education and regulation actions that might be used to address use and visitor impacts. Respondents were asked about seven actions for the entire river, three for the Lower River, three for the Middle River, and one for the Upper River. Responses were on a 5-point scale from "strongly support" to "strongly oppose, with a "neutral" option. The specific actions are listed below: For the entire river Clarify and strictly enforce "no anchoring in channel" regulations (particularly in silver season) Create brochures and internet media showing how to boat and fish during high density periods Offer a one day course about how to operate powerboats during high density periods Require a "Kenai boating license" for powerboat operators (includes a written test) Require all boaters to wear PFDs (life jackets) Close more areas to bank fishing where existing use is trampling vegetation Restrictions on number of fish allowed to be cleaned when others are waiting Lower river No wake zones in high density areas such as Beaver Creek, Chicago, Big Eddy, or Pillars Regulations to maintain an open "driving lane" (for boats on step) through some of these same areas Stagger guided start times in July to reduce launch Middle river No wake zones in high density areas such as Swiftwater, Dot's Landing, or "3rd Hole" near Killey River Regulations that maintain an open "driving lane" (for boats on step) through some of these same areas Restrict drift boats from traveling upstream using kickers (to minimize large wakes) Upper river Develop fire education enforcement program in Russian River area 11" Report June 2010 Page 91 CRAFT Rpm?, June 2010 mfishi Kenai hating Ii t ose t all talus towaa fish at 100' BT /o EU' /o Education regulation actions for the entire river Figure 12 -1 shows support for all users taken together. Information for specific groups is in Figure 12 -2 and the supplemental report. Findings include: There is majority support but some opposition for most actions. There was generally more support for education efforts to improve boating skills knowledge than for regulations requiring a "Kenai River boating license" or wearing PFDs. Users showed majority support for closing more areas to bank fishing to reduce trampling, although bank anglers themselves were divided (42% support, 38% oppose). About 26 miles of Kenai shoreline has already been restricted, and results suggest users (particularly boaters) may accept further restrictions if needed. Landowners were similar more likely to support closing more bank angling areas to prevent trampling. This result may reflect concern about bank anglers trespassing on private property. c 2P/o G'/0 2Y /0 %sWl*or slightly c 40"/0 mo W/o 100' /o %sligl strong/support Figure 12-1. Percent support for education /regulation actions for the entire river for all users. Figure 12 -2 shows differences between user, guide, and landowner groups for three actions where differences were substantive. Findings include: o Guides strongly support (83 a one day course on how to boat in high use situations, along with 55 to 62% of drift and bank anglers, but powerboat anglers and landowners were more divided. State Parks currently offers a free one day course on boating in Alaska, but it is not specific to the Kenai or high use periods, and attendance does not approach the number of boaters who fish the river. o Guides, drift anglers, and bank anglers show majority support for requiring boaters to obtain a Kenai boater license that includes a written test, but this has more opposition than support among powerboaters and landowners (the user groups most likely to be affected). The KRSMA River Use Committee has discussed several existing internet -based courses (with tests) that might be used to improve boater education, encouraging voluntary participation. Guides are required to take a week- long course to guide the river; they probably think it's a good idea for non- guided users to obtain some similar training. e Majorities of bank anglers, drift anglers, and drift guides support a requirement that boaters wear PFDs while on the river, while powerboat anglers and powerboat guides are opposed. This result reflects two distinct boating cultures. Many drift anglers regularly wear PFDs while powerboat anglers on the Kenai rarely wear PFDs. The strength of powerboat guide opposition anticipates their resistance to this potential regulation. DRAFT Report Arne 231=1 100% W 60' /o 4Y/ aP /o 0% %shmrJyor slightly %ca 20%0 a 40% 60% 866/0 100' 4 %slight/ cr stronw support Figure 12-2. Percent support for three specific education /regulation actions among different groups. Education regulation actions for different segments Figure 12 -3 shows support on different segments. Information for specific user groups is given below or in the supplemental report. Findings include: There is majority support for boating safety regulations such as no wake zones or driving lanes on the Lower River; on the Middle River there is majority support for no wake zones, but less support for driving lanes. There were significant differences among groups for no wake zones and driving lanes. For example, 54% of Lower River powerboat anglers supported no wake zones compared to more than '75% for bank and drift anglers. There were similar differences for no wake zones on the Middle River. There are striking differences between drift and powerboat guides for no wake and driving lane actions. For example, 85% of drift guides support no wake zones compared with only 28% of powerboat guides. There is overall majority support for staggered guided start times in July, but there are statistically significant differences between unguided and guided users (60% vs. 48% support). Guides were also opposed to staggered guide hours (63% of drift guides and 82% of powerboat guides). Perceptions about the importance of "being first" at a hole (discussed in Chapter 5) probably drive this result. There is majority support for fire education on the Upper River. 100% EIC'/o &R/ 40'/ 2P /o 0' /0 7D' /o 4aY a' /0 WP /o 100 %strongly adi ly Opp %sicJdyorstaxjsppat Figure 12 -3. Percent support or oppose segment specific educationlregulation actions. DRAFT Report' June 7010 Page 94 Integrating education and regulation actions Additional considerations when assessing education or regulation options include: Education actions are a "cognitive fix" approach, where agencies use information to modify user behavior that may be causing unacceptable biophysical or social impacts. Managers and the public sometimes view education as panacea (Roggenbuck, 1992) that is less intrusive than regulations, but both may be helpful in different situations. Education actions in river settings focus on minimum impact practices (e.g., no trace camping, human waste disposal); resource competition ethics (e.g., codes of behavior in "combat fishing" settings); angling ethics (e.g., catch and release of non- anadramous species); and safety (e.g., powerboat "rules of the road" education). Attempts to establish "informal norms" for these behaviors are evident in agency literature, information boards, and the popular media. These efforts probably expose most users to the appropriate information, but their influence on behavior is less clear. Persuasion research indicates that using messages to change both attitudes and behavior over the long term can be complex and challenging, and many user practices are learned from peers and relatives rather than agency communications (Manfredo, 1992). Regulatory actions focus on changing behavior, but don't rely on changing their attitudes first. Regulations are "formal norms" enforced through "external sanctions," and they become necessary when educational alternatives fall short. Educational and regulatory approaches are often complementary rather than "either -or" alternatives (Lucas, 1982). Many regulations reinforce initial educational efforts and encourage users to "self- enforce," and regulations need to be widely known to be effective. In many cases, regulations raising awareness about problem behaviors (and the impacts they cause) is more important than actual enforcement (which may he challenging). Applying these concepts to a longstanding issue on the Lower River may help illustrate. When congestion increases, the slower- moving techniques (back trolling or back bouncing) prevent drifters from using the same water (and vice- versa). Anglers interested in ensuring that "traditional" drifts remain available have requested educational efforts to identify boundaries for their activity. Without judging the desirability of this goal, the open question is whether education can work or more formal regulations are necessary. We believe education can be effective, but it probably requires substantial effort. First, consensus opinion leaders such as guides and well -known unguided users need to support the concept and help identify the specific reach boundaries. Second, the zone(s) need to be identified on- site and on maps, brochures, and launch kiosks to tell a consistent story about when and where the "technique restriction" applies. This message needs to appear through other "channels" including popular media, web forums, tackle shops, and agency materials. Third, the message needs to be accompanied by a simple explanation of why separate zones are important and "fair." Because, particular techniques tend to be lost in higher densities unless everyone "goes along," zones need to be crafted with as sense of equity, considering relative proportions of anglers using different techniques. Finally, agencies and on -river opinion leaders need to support "norm development" through positive and negative sanctions. Agency "enforcement" that teaches "violators" why they should respect techniques of fellow anglers is likely to be as effective as "law enforcement." An "internalized" noun ET Report June 2010 Page 95 ilea s an with self- enforcement is the ultimate goal, particularly because extensive ranger enforcement is too costly. The education model breaks down if a group of users doesn't go along with the behavior (e.g., they want to back troll in the traditional drift area, regardless of the use level or how many others are inconvenienced). In this case, the offending behavior is "willfully depreciative," regulations followed up with enforcement are probably necessary (Roggenbuck, 1992). In our experience, few recreation users fit in the "willfully depreciative" category, and well developed norms can be effective. For example, educational efforts on Oregon's North Umpqua River have successfully implemented no boating zones and times (to prevent conflicts between scenic rafters and wading anglers) during the peak steelhead season. Signs and brochures strongly recommend "no boating" in these zones and times, no regulation was needed, and compliance is near total. DRAFT Report ne' Faye 96 13. "Drift- only" issues This chapter provides information from the follow -up survey about "drift- only" issues on the Lower and Middle River. The survey briefly described the current situation: Mondays in May, June, and July are "drift-only days" on the Lower and Middle River (from River Mile 4 to Skilak Lake). On these days, fishing from a motorized boat is not allowed (and guides are also not allowed). Some people have suggested adding more "drift-only days" on these segments, but with drift guiding allowed. Please tell us whether you support or oppose the following "drift- only" actions, Follow -up questions asked about general support for additional drift -only days (and how many), and preferred days and months. General support opposition for "drift- only" days Two separate questions asked respondents whether "in general, more `drift -only' days should be added" to the Lower River and Middle River. A third question asked, "If drift only days are added, they should be on different days on the two segments (so there will always be one segment available for powerboats)." Responses were given on a 5 -point scale from "strongly support" to "strongly oppose" with a "neutral" option (see Figure 13 -1). DRAFT Report June 2010 100' /0 80% 60'/0 40'/0 2P /o 0' /0 27'/0 4CP/ fiff /o Eff/0 100' %sineyorslightly Oppose %sligtlycr stagy swart Figure 13-1. Percent support or oppose "drift-only" days on different segments for different groups. 2 Respondents uninterested in these segments or the issue could skip them; among users, 51% of landowners, 50% of drift anglers, 44% of powerboat anglers, and 32% of bank anglers answered them. Among guides, 88% of drift guides and 78% of powerboat guides answered them. How many additional "drift only" days? Preferences for days of the week Preferences for months t t 3 anti„ <rs "j3[ici i' U(1S Findings include: In general, results show a typical user conflict pattern: most non motorized users support more drift only days and most motorized users oppose them, with drift guides the most supportive and powerboat guides the most opposed. The pattern of responses across groups is similar for both segments. This suggests strongly held attitudes rather than segment characteristics. Landowners are generally divided. Many use powerboats as their primary craft, but they also live on the river and might benefit from more days with less powerboat traffic (e.g., reduced bank erosion and noise). For the "alternating drift-only days by segments" option, polarization is reduced and some groups shift opinions. Drift guides shift from majority support to divided, a majority of powerboat anglers join drift and bank anglers in support, and powerboat guides reduce their opposition. This suggests some "compromise" zoning options may gain greater acceptance, particularly if there are substitutes for those displaced by a drift-only regulation. Nonetheless, the intensity of some verbatim comments (see supplemental report) suggests that even compromise options will be strongly opposed by some users on each "side" of this debate. Among those who support more "drift only" days, respondents were asked to specify the number of days that should be added. Findings follow the polarized general attitudes discussed above. Among the few supportive powerboat anglers, 72% recommended adding just one day. Among drift anglers, 17% want every day to be drift -only, 30% prefer three, four, or five more, and 53% recommend one or two. Among other groups, 61% of bank anglers, 71% of landowners, 52% of driftboat guides and 72% of powerboat guides prefer one or two additional days. If compromise alternatives are developed, these data suggest focusing on one or two additional drift-only days. Among those who support more "drift only" days, respondents were asked to specify days of the week. Responses varied widely. Slightly higher percentages of drift anglers prefer Wednesdays, Fridays, or Sundays, while the few of the supportive powerboat anglers leaned toward Thursdays. Drift boat guides slightly favored Sundays (a day they currently cannot fish on the Lower and Middle River before August). If compromise drift-only proposals are developed, survey data offer no clear guidance about days of the week. Among those who support more "drift only" days, respondents were asked to specify months. More drift users and guides prefer July and August, while powerboat anglers and guides prefer June and July. Among all groups, there is less interest in September or May (when use levels are likely low enough that it doesn't matter). If compromise drift only alternatives are developed, these data suggest focusing on mid summer (particularly July). .DRAFT Report Jun 2010 Page 98 Prospective use of "drift only" days by guides Guides were asked, `9f additional `drift only' days are added, would you offer guided drift fishing or sightseeing trips 011 those days (assume guides would be allowed to operate) Responses (Figure 13 -2) show 94% of drift guides and 65% of powerboat guides said "yes." These "intentions to participate" suggest the level of guided use on additional drift only days. If current peak July powerboat guide use on the Lower River ranges from 150 to 200 boats, the number of guided drift boats on drift only days might range as high as 100 to 130 boats. Add 30 to 40 drift guides that already float the Middle River, and total guided use on `new' drift only days might be as high as 170 boats. Assuming unguided use equaled current Monday use, total boats on drift only days could approach 300 boats, more than double the highest drift only Monday in 2009. WA 49/0 o/ DA 41/o 81 /o VD Machliyadfritlyp Figure 13-2. Percent of drift and powerboat guides reporting they would use drift only days. Guides who said they would not use additional drift only days were asked to specify their reasons. Responses are given in Figure 13 -3 (percents sum to greater than 100% because respondents could check any that apply). Findings include: The two most important reasons are that clients or the guides themselves prefer to fish from a powerboat. Logistics of shuttles and insufficient launch sites to provide a diversity of trip options are also important reasons. Verbatim comments highlighted the added challenges of drift trips (e.g., need for parking at put -in and take -out, need for appropriately- spaced launches, need for launches to access best fishing locations such as downstream of Eagle Rock, inability to come and go from a riverside dock). Half of the guides checked the physical demands of rowing. Some comments also noted that the challenges of rowing (particularly for unguided users) might encourage more anchor use, which may have habitat and social competition impacts. Fewer guides said they did not have a drift vessel available, would have less flexibility to reach fishing hot spots, or would be unable to match powerboat success rates. Almost none said they would have to leam new fishing techniques or skills. DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 99 0° 20% 0 40% 60% 60 100°/ Percent checking response Figure 13 -3. Percent of guides checking reasons for not using additional drift only days (if provided). DRAFT FT Report Jona 2010 Page 103 RecrEafiotl Study Developing "drift only" alternatives Deciding whether to add more drift -only periods on the Middle or Lower Kenai is among the most consequential and controversial issues on the river. To non motorized advocates, expanded drift -only would reduce crowding; produce non motorized recreation opportunities; and address hydrocarbon, turbidity, and erosion impacts from powerboat use. To motorized advocates, non motorized regulations would displace them from traditional powerboat use areas without reducing (and possibly exacerbating) crowding, congestion, or related impacts. To agencies weighing these issues, type of use zoning could also substantively affect facility needs. education and enforcement programs, and fishing success and harvest. Several of these issues are out of the scope of this study (e.g., biophysical effects and impacts on the fishery). The survey focused on support and opposition for expanded non motorized zones /times, not the underlying reasons for those opinions. However, these types of conflicts are not uncommon in river settings, so findings from other studies may help on the Kenai. In addition, many users and stakeholders have offered considerations in this debate. We have distilled them below: Conceptual and process issues Conflicts between motorized and non- motorized use are well documented in the recreation literature (Lucas, 1964; Jacob Schreyer, 1980; Shelby, 1980; Adelman et al., 1982; Jackson Wong, 1982; Kuss et al., 1990; Graefe, 2004). Research shows antipathy from non motorized users toward motorized use in many situations, particularly more primitive settings. This is often one -sided or "asymmetric," with motorized users unconcerned about encounters with non motorized use. Conflicts may have a value -based component that is independent of actual encounters with motorized users (i.e., social values conflict; see Vaske et al., 1995). Research on conflicts between motorized and non motorized use has looked at backgrounds and attitudes of users, economic impacts, safety, enforcement problems, and ecological effects on wildlife, plants, and water quality (Kuss et al., 1990). While these issues are interesting and important, they sometimes obscure the more central issue, which is the nature of contrasting experiences (Shelby, 1980). Most conflicts are addressed by separating uses in space or in time. The success of zoning solutions depends on whether they are perceived to be equitable. Few solutions will satisfy everyone, and some advocates will criticize any zoning compromise. User conflicts are typically conceived as a "zero sum game" (if one group wins, the other loses), so these issues can become politicized and possibly litigated. As with other contentious issues, focusing on interests rather than positions may help develop compromise solutions (Fisher et al., 1992; Spangler, 2003) Biophysical resource impacts are often used to justify motorized use restrictions. On the Kenai, potential biophysical issues include hydrocarbon pollution, turbidity, wildlife disturbance, and boat wake erosion, some of which have been addressed by existing motorized use regulations (e.g., Swan habitat non motorized zone on the Middle River in early summer; 50 horsepower motor limits; four stroke engine regulations; Upper River non- motorized segment). Social experience issues may have DRAFT Deport une 201d Page 101 DRAFT Repa,t June 2010 been the underlying consideration with some of these regulations, and all clearly have impacts on experiences regardless of their basis. In many conflicts, the `sensitive" group develops long lists of safety, environmental, and experiential impacts from the "offending" group's use, hoping one or more may resonate among decision makers. Faced with these assertions, the second group may develop similar lists about the first, and the conflict becomes less asymmetric (Graefe, 2004). Assertions on both sides may be difficult to validate, and sometimes "scapegoat issues" obscure underlying philosophical or value -based differences about which type of use is appropriate. We encourage all stakeholders to prioritize and be transparent about the impacts that matter most to them. This provides agencies with the best chance of working out acceptable compromises that provide each group some opportunities. Non- motorized river users from a study on Alaska's Delta River (Whittaker and Shelby, 2006) considered all 11 impacts from motorized use important, while motorized users were concerned about four. Non- motorized users rated noise, the notion that motors are inappropriate in some places, and ensuring the availability of non motorized experiences as their most important reasons. Of these, only noise was considered important for a majority of motorized users (discourteous behavior, boating safety, and biophysical impacts round out their list). This highlights a fundamental difference between the two groups non motorized users may purposely seek out places or times with no motorized use, but that is not important for most motorized boaters. There is jurisdictional complexity with motorized /non- motorized issues on the Kenai because decisions could be driven by recreation experience, fisheries management, or biophysical impact considerations. In addition, decisions would probably affect facilities or lands managed by different entities. For example, existing drift-boat Mondays on the Lower and Middle River in July are a Board of Fish regulation, while non motorized use zones on the Skilak end of the Middle River to protect swans in early summer are regulated by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Non- motorized State Parks regulations on the Upper River appear to have been developed for social experience purposes. Coordinated decision making among all the major agencies could consider the full range of issues, consequences, and agency mandates, but this may be challenging. The KRSMA board offers an institutional opportunity to improve coordination and comprehensive planning, but different agencies and boards have their own decision- making processes and it is unclear which ones will address these issues. Specific considerations for drift -only alternatives on the Kenai Existing drift -only Monday regulations apply to the Lower and Middle River for June and July, so advocates for additional non motorized opportunities tend think in terms of extending those regulations to other days. However, more targeted sub segments or time periods might improve acceptance, particularly if the restriction doesn't apply to both segments at the same time. Alternatives should clarify target seasons and segments. On the Lower River, drift -only advocates appear focused on July because this is the season when powerboat use has largely displaced drift use (less than 2% of boats on the Lower River from Tuesdays to Sundays are non motorized). However, there may also be interest in Lower River drift only opportunities during silver season. Most Lower River use on drift -only Mondays occurs from Centennial Park to Eagle Rock (or stationary drift boats at Beaver Creek). Regulations could target the area upstream of Eagle Rock or Pillars, leaving downstream segments motorized. In contrast, Middle River use during kings is low and may not be important to drift anglers (who have not been displaced by heavy motorized use). Agencies might explore drift-only days during the trout /dolly /silver season in August and early September, and perhaps only for the Skilak to Kenai Keys segment (the focus of most non- motorized fishing). Alternatives that restrict motorized use for a portion of the day (e.g., the middle of the day) may be more acceptable. For example, a drift -only regulation from Skilak to Kenai Keys from 10 am to 4 pm could allow powerboats to access the segment to bank fish or drift with their motor off, but still provide a non-motorized opportunity during prime fishing hours. Alternatives that restrict "upstream use" or require "no wake speeds" (rather than a total motor restriction) may offer an alternative to drift -only regulations, providing a "less motorized" rather than non motorized experience. A variation on the "mid -day non motorized" example (above) could allow powerboats to use their engines for steering/holding in the current or cruising downstream as long as they didn't throw a wake. This creates a "downstream travel only" use pattern, which could reduce congestion and the impacts of powerboats that "run laps" without excluding all powerboat use. Another variation on a "less motorized" alternative could restrict powerboat use to one upstream trip per day in a segment; there is a similar regulation from Kenai Lake to Princess Lodge on the Upper River. It allows lake users to drift the first part of the river and motor back once in a day, but does not allow "running laps." There are enforcement challenges, but it also creates a "mostly downstream" use pattern that would probably reduce congestion. Alternatives that contemplate landowner exemptions for access (especially to properties that have no road access) are likely to increase landowner support without adding much motorized use. There may be legal challenges to such exemptions. Improving access to popular fishing areas downstream of Eagle Rock is critical for additional drift- only days to "work," particularly if drift only use levels reach 200 to 300 boats (as estimated earlier). This segment has roughly seven miles of good fishing water that is easily accessible to powerboats, but difficult to use in driftboats. Although drift anglers with property on Beaver Creek can access the confluence area and return, others must use upstream put -ins (e.g., Pillars, Eagle Rock) and fight tides and winds to reach take -outs below the Warren Ames Bridge. There are two possible approaches to improving access: 1. Allow kicker or trolling motors for downstream travel on drift only days. Existing restrictions do not allow boats to carry an engine while fishing on drift-only Mondays, and some anglers park a vehicle with their outboard at Cunningham Park then swap it for their fishing gear in order to motor downstream legally. If additional drift only days are contemplated, they are likely to garner more support if kickers can be used 1) downstream from a certain point, 2) after fishing, or 3) for downstream travel only. While enforcement of more complicated regulations may be challenging, using kickers would help more evenly distribute use and reduce congestion. 2. Develop additional launch sites and associated parking, particularly on the lower seven miles between Eagle Rock and Warren Ames Bridge, to increase trip options and help distribute use. There is strong support for additional launches (see Chapter 11), but construction and environmental issues are substantial (e.g., steep bluff banks, wetlands, tidal zone mud, and cultural sites). Several Lower 48 rivers (as well as a few in AK) have friction -based ramps on steep banks that can be used by light craft such as driftboats and rafts, but these are not DRAFT Report ff ,lune 20 i0 Page 103 particularly efficient compared to drive -in ramps. Finding room for parking could be similarly challenging, because it needs to handle traffic at both put -ins and take -outs (powerboats need parking at only one ramp). Even with more launches or parking, drift-only days that include guided use will probably have much higher use than existing drift-only Mondays. The potential for crowding and congestion will increase, and the lesser mobility of drift craft (compared to powerboats) makes it difficult for users to avoid each other. Compatibility of different king fishing techniques will remain an issue; some anglers will hold against the current or drift slowly downstream, but others will not. A few anglers may also use anchors, which may exacerbate "territorial" competition that sometimes occurs during silver season (where anchoring is common). Adding drift-only segments or periods has the potential to increase crowding and congestion during powerboat use periods. Demand for powerboat -based angling is unlikely to decrease, but with fewer days available, densities will probably be higher. To the extent that powerboaters shift to drift use on drift -only days, this effect will be smaller. Any drift-only alternative will displace both guided and unguided powerboat use, but the effects on guided use will probably be greater (especially in king season, where there are existing restrictions on days and hours). To the extent that drift only alternatives minimize guide market and pricing effects, guides may be more willing to accept them. DRAFT Report dune 2010 €'agge 104 Background ndf1 s deli; 14. Capacities and Use Limit Actions a(ifbi This chapter provides informationTimm the follow -up survey about use limit actions and estimates of capacities. Questions asked respondents about philosophy toward use limits, user registration programs, parking time limits, and different types of limits on specific segments (using the 5-point support- oppose scale with "neutral" and "don't know" options). Other questions asked respondents to estimate boat capacities for the Lower and Upper River. Capacities (and the use limit actions that implement them) are another approach for addressing overuse. The capacity concept recognizes there is a limit to the amount of use that an area can accommodate without impairing natural resource or experiential values. Five decades of research suggests the links between use and impacts can be complex, but several visitor impact planning frameworks (e.g., C -CAP, LAC, VIM, and VERP) can be used to develop capacities (Frissel et al., 1985; Shelby and Heberlein, 1986; Graefe et al., 1990, Manning, 2008; Whittaker et al., 2010). Use limits are a powerful management strategy for dealing with some impacts, especially in geographically- concentrated areas such as river corridors, Differences in the research literature, planning frameworks, "in- the field" approaches, and court rulings have sometimes led to confusion or debate about the capacity concept. In a recent "state of knowledge" monograph (Whittaker et al., 2010), capacity is defined as the amount and type of use that is compatible with the "management prescription" for an area, which includes: Management goals and objectives for all important uses and values, including desired recreation opportunities to be provided. "Desired conditions" and the "mix" of resource uses and values to be managed for. Standards that quantitatively define appropriate levels for goals, objectives, desired conditions, and /or indicators. Planned management program and actions to meet goals and objectives, provide desired conditions, and avoid violating standards. Budget and personnel resources that will be used to implement management actions. A capacity is a number specified by units of use, time, and location components (e.g. float trips per day on a particular reach, people at one time fishing in an area). Although it is common to speak of a single capacity for a river, many areas will have multiple capacities for different types of uses, facilities, segments, seasons, or other managerially relevant parameters. Use limit actions, the specific management actions that keep use from exceeding capacities, can be direct (e.g., permit systems) or indirect (e.g., managing parking lot sizes). In general, managing use levels is more likely to be effective addressing social impacts such as encounter levels or competition for sites and facilities. In contrast, many biophysical impacts appear less directly related to use levels because initial or low levels of use may create proportionately larger impacts (Hammitt Cole 1987; Kuss et al., 1990). For example, the first few groups to pioneer a campsite have the greatest impacts on vegetation loss; subsequent groups then camp in the same areas and typically cause less additional impact (Cole, 1987). DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 105 ee ea #bon Stud Philosophy toward use limits tons In river settings like the Kenai, use limits are a potentially effective tool because several social impacts are related to use (Chapter 6). The trade -off is a reduction in access and a heavier managerial footprint. To assess opinion toward these trade -offs, respondents were asked a "philosophy toward use limits" question used in several previous river studies (including the 1992 Kenai study). Results for different groups are shown in Figure 14 -1; comparisons between 2009 and 1992 are shown in Figure 14 -2. More details are provided in the supplemental report. Would you accept having to compete for a limited number of permits to use parts of the river If it meant there would be fewer other people on the river when you use it? 1, Yes some limits on use are needed 2. Maybe it depends upon how the permit system works and how many permits would be available 3. Not at this time maybe later if crowding gets worse 4. No I'll always want unlimited access to the river 100% 80'/0 60% 46% ari 0% "no, vm&' cr h t mm at' /o 40% f /o 80% %"traybee or' Ves" Figure 14-1. Responses about a permit system that reduces use. 1 06% DRAFT Report t June 2010 Page 106 rea 100^/° am, 6/0 40'/0 711%. 0'/0 rP /0 40'/0 &i10 aP/ 103% never ornat flog 0 /titIBybe a• Figure 14-2. Comparing 1992 and 2009 responses toward a permit system that reduces use. Findings include: Most user groups and powerboat guides oppose use limits. Nearly half of bank anglers, powerboat anglers, and powerboat guides always want unlimited access, while about a quarter oppose limits now, but might accept them later if crowding gets worse. Drift anglers were more divided, with 48% supporting limits now or in the future. However, less than 17% in any of these groups believe limits are needed now. Drift and scenic rafting guides are the only groups with majority support for use limits. They are also the only groups on the river that are currently limited (on the Upper River). Comparisons between 1992 and 2009 (Figure 14 -2) suggest that "philosophies toward use limits" have been relatively stable over time, although drift anglers have slightly increased and powerboat anglers have slightly decreased their support. Results are similar to other rivers in Alaska, although multi -day non motorized users were more inclined to support limits. On the Gulkana River in 1999, 56% of Upper River drift anglers supported or might support use limits, compared to 27% of powerboat anglers. On the Delta River in 2004, 67% of floaters supported limits, compared to 32% of motorized users. Taken together, findings suggest little support among Kenai users for limits. Any future support is probably contingent on worsening impacts and developing a fair system for distributing access. Powerboat and bank anglers are generally less likely to support use limits. There is little tradition for directly managing numbers of powerboats or bank anglers through permit systems. Drift anglers and drift guides are the most likely to accept a use limit system. In contrast to bank and powerboat anglers, drift anglers may have some familiarity with permit systems on drift- oriented rivers. There are about two dozen rivers in North America with limited permit systems and over 100 others have capacities identified but not yet reached or enforced (Whittaker and Shelby, 2008). Few are primarily day use rivers like the Kenai, but a couple (e.g, Oregon's Deschutes and Coloraod's Arkansas River) have similar high use levels. DR atl t Report June 2010 Page 107 Many bank and boat anglers on the Kenai may not recognize that use Levels at specific facilities (e.g., launches, state park units, anglers using the Ferry and Russian River day use parking lots) are managed consistent with their facility capacities, and may indirectly influence segment -wide capacities. Should limits reduce, freeze, or increase use? A follow -up question asked whether use limits should reduce, freeze, or increase use (see below). Responses among those who support use limits are given in Figure 14-3. If a permit system were tried on one or more Kenai River segments, should It... (Circle one number) 1. Reduce use compared to current levels 2. Freeze use near current levels 3. Allow use to increase slightly (about 10 to 20% compared to current use levels) 4. Allow use to increase substantially (about 50% or more compared to current use levels) 5. I oppose permit systems, even if use and impacts increase DRAFT Report June 2010 cu Cat ir�l r iY =3 f €t 1S 100% 80/o W% 40'/0 20% 0'% 20% 40'/0 W% &f /o 100% %'8ctcaaseaislartially "«,"ugly %Ytee "Win:duce" Figure 14 -3. Percent who want use limits to reduce, freeze, or increase use among those who support a permit system. Although most groups do not support a permit system (see Figure 14 -1), those who favor limits prefer to freeze or reduce use levels (with over 80% in these two categories); for landowners, drift guides, and scenic guides, percentages in these categories is over 90 Page 108 Opinion toward a daily boat registration program Respondents were asked about a "daily boat registration" program, as described below. A similar system has operated on Oregon's Deschutes River for the past five years; it has substantially redistributed use away from high use days (Mott], 2009). Responses for boating groups are given in Table 14-1. Some rivers require boaters to register every time they go boating. "Mandatory registration" could be developed for some segments of the Kenai, with the following characteristics: boaters could register by phone or via the Internet boaters would identify which segment they intended to use the number of boats that can register would not be limited a webpage would keep a "running tally" of registered boats for every segment and day Do you think a mandatory registration program should be developed for the Kenai? (Check all that apply) Table 14-1. Percent responding to statements about a boater registration program. No, because I'm concerned the program could lead to a use limit system (which I oppose). No, this will cost too much to administe Yes, because this program could lead to a use limit system (which I support). DRAFT Report June 2013 Drift anglers 26 12 art Powerboat Drift Powerboat anglers guides guides 39 26 is to register. 17 28 13 26 21 44 7 Findings include: Most respondents in all groups oppose the program; among boaters, only 20% of drift anglers and 9% of powerboat anglers thought this should be implemented. The only group that showed much support was drift guides (and support was qualified). The most common objections to registration programs are the mandatory requirement, concern that it could lead to use limits, and perceived difficulty to enforce and administer. Very few respondents said they would use information about the number of other trips to decide where and when they use the river, which is the chief benefit of the program. This system is unlikely to gain support from stakeholders or the public, and benefits might be marginal on the Kenai is it did not help redistribute use. Pane 109 e Opinion toward parking time limits Respondents were asked about parking time limits at day use areas, which offer an indirect way of handling demand higher than capacity (by limiting trip lengths, thus cycling more people through the area). This is an issue during peak red salmon season. Question wording is given below; results for different groups are given in Table 14 -2. Parking length limits at day use areas on the Lower and Middle River range from 4 to 12 hours (and some only apply during the late red salmon run). Do you support time limits to increase "turnover" during high use periods? (Circle one number) 1. No, day use parking should not have limits. 2. Yes, day use parking should have some limits. 3. Yes, and different lots should have different limits (depends on the site and its popula 4. This issue doesn't matter to me. If you think there should be some parking length limits, what is the most appropriate limit? hours per visit Table 14-2. Percent of responses related to day use parking length limits. This issue doesn Percent 8 hours or less All users y) Landowners Drift guides Powerboat guides Yes, day use parking should have some limits. 21 18 18 16 36 28 2 42 62 29 38 Findings include: All users show more opposition (43 than support (37 with 21% reporting "this issue doesn't matter" to them. There were small differences between user groups. Powerboat guides showed the strongest opposition, with 50% opposed, 22% support, and 28% "doesn't matter." Drift guides were more positive, with 23% opposed, 41% support, and 26% "doesn't matter" For those who identified a preferred limit, the average among users and guides was about 12 hours, and less than half thought limits should be 8 hours or less. The average among landowners was 10 hours. Survey data indicates average trip lengths are well under 8 hours, so limits between 10 and 12 hours are unlikely to induce substantial changeover (and they would probably reduce the quality of the few trips that are longer). DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 110 Specific use limit actions Lower River fl Figure 14 -4 shows support for specific use limit actions on the Lower River (from focus groups and discussions with agencies and stakeholders). Details for groups are provided in the supplemental report. Sink anglers D ift anglers 1 72% P twerboat angl t #ofgmtle 1 add l 70% L ndowners Is per day in Jul 1 1 76% U 'guided anglers t' 0 -;;1. 1 ts% added anglers 2 63% D ift guides 6 30% P>werbg 12% Bank anglers Dift anglers 1 60% Powerboat anglejmit# ofguides 2' F es% Landowners general 1. 7s% U 'guided anglers A Glided anglers 2' 48% D ift guides 6 36% Powerboat guidesel 29% Bank anglers 3 36% D ift anglers i 36% P owerboat any s 18% Limit number of Landowners 6, 22% all boats in Jr ly D ift guides 61 30% Powerboat 1 Al anglers 30% Limit boats July L ndowners 6f 32% by odd/even Dift guides 7 16% registration P3 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% strongly or slightly oppose %slightly or strongy support Figure 14-4. Percent support for use limit actions on the Lower River for different groups. Findings include: Most user groups and landowners support limiting guide boats per day or the number of guides in general, with less than 20% opposed. The exception was guided anglers, where about half support limits and 28% are opposed. These are nearly identical to 1992 findings, suggesting that attitudes toward guide limits are stable. In contrast, most guides oppose these types of limits (with powerboat guides more strongly opposed). About one -third of drift guides support limits on guides. Most groups oppose per day limits on all powerboat use (guided and unguided), with powerboat anglers, guides, and landowners more strongly opposed. Bank anglers generally support limits on guides, were divided on limiting all boats, and opposed limiting boats on alternating days by odd/even registration numbers. Compared to other groups, bank anglers were slightly more likely to choose "neutral" responses, because these actions generally have fewer effects on their use. Taken together, results suggest that most groups respond to use limit actions consistent with their self interest. For example, most unguided users support limits that would reduce guide use without restricting their own access, and most guides oppose actions that would limit themselves. For actions that might limit all users, no group showed majority support. Chapter 15 provides additional insight into attitudes related to guided and unguided use issues. DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 111 Specific use limit actions Middle River A L D P A L D P B D P L u D P B D P u e D P B D P u G D P Figure 14 -5 shows percentages supporting specific Middle River use limit actions (developed from focus groups and discussions with agencies and stakeholders). User group details are provided in the supplemental report. users D., quire camp 3 3 ft d guid SerVatlonS 3 werboat guide I users ndownetsdaY ift guidoipmpsite limit werboat guides nk anglers 2 ift anglers werboatlattgtf guide 2 ndowne is er day guided anglers antlers 3 ft ides wer nk anglers 2 ift anglers !!aa ndownaertiijtRof guides 2 guided alit feral ided anglers 3 ift guides werboatl nk anglers ift anglers werboat an ndowners r giclea n.1ers 6 gI rs ift guides 14% 19% 22% 27% 29% .9% 64% 60% 74% 65% r of day 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% strongly or slightly oppose slightly or strongy support Figure 141. Percent support for use limit actions on the Middle River for different groups. Findings include: Users and Landowners are divided over reservations, but there is more support for a three day limit. Powerboat guides were more likely to oppose both measures, and drift guides were more likely to support them. As with the Lower River, most user groups and landowners support limiting guide boats per day or the number of guides in general, while most guides oppose these limits (with powerboat guides more strongly opposed). User and landowner support for guide limits (either option) are lower than for the Lower River, which is consistent with the lower use, crowding ratings, and impact levels on the Middle River. Most groups oppose per day limits on all powerboat use (guided and unguided), with powerboat anglers, guides, and landowners more strongly opposed. As with the Lower River, "reasonable self interest" provides the best explanation for results. Users generally support guide limits that reduce use without restricting their own access, while guides generally oppose actions that would limit themselves. GRAF i Report June 2010 Page 112 Specific use limit actions Upper River Figure 14 -6 shows percentages that support Upper River camp reservations and a limit on the number of all boats (developed from focus groups and discussions with agencies and stakeholders). The Upper River has limits on the total number of guides and "guided starts" per week from the Russian River to Skilak Lake. Powerboat use is generally not allowed on the Upper River, but some powerboat anglers (79) and powerboat guides (28) answered these questions because they take trips on the Upper River. More group information is provided in the supplemental report. DRAFT Report June 2010 Bank anglers D ift anglers P uwerboat anglers ndowners D ift guides P )werboat guides Bank anglers D ift anglers P uwerboat angle Landowners Uiguided users 5 Guided users D ift guides Powerboat guides 1 100% 80% 60% 4 4 38% 40% 20% 0% S=pas strongly or slightly oppose 23% 31% 36% 46% 53 67% Require reserva 26/ Limit nu all boats 28% 38% 74% 20% 40% 60% 80% Figure 14 -6. Percent support for use limit actions on the Upper River for different groups. camp ons ber of er day 100% slightly or strongy support Findings include: Groups are divided over reservations for on -river camps. Most drift anglers and drift guides (the primary group with access to these camps) support camp reservations, but bank anglers were divided, and powerboat users and guides are opposed. As with other segments, no group supports limits on all boats except drift guides (who are already limited). This is consistent with `reasonable self interest" and equity concerns. Page 113 =soft Stfv Estimating boat and guide boat capacities Capacities refer to a number on a use level scale. On some rivers users and stakeholders are well calibrated to use levels and have opinions about "how many is too many We were interested in assessing this for the Kenai, focusing on: 1) number of all boats on the Lower River; 2) the number of guide boats on the Lower River; and 3) the number of all boats on the Upper River (Sportsman's to Jim's Landing). Specific questions and findings are given below. Lower River boat capacities In the section about the Lower River, respondents were asked: In recent years, Lower River counts indicate the number of boats at one time during prime hours in July are... Typically 200 to 300 boats early in the month Typically 300 to 400 boats later in the month May exceed 450 boats a few days each year (usually Tuesdays and Saturdays later in the month) Were generally lower in 2009 due to low king returns; few counts exceeded 300 boats Counts include boats that are fishing and traveling on the river Counts refer to 16 miles of river from Warren Ames Bridge (mile 5) to Sterling Hwy Bridge (mile 21) Because boats are not evenly distributed and some users only fish a part of the river, people may encounter fewer boats than these counts. However, there is interest in "starting a conversation" about a "reasonable capacity estimate" for the Lower River the number of boats at one time before the quality of trips is compromised. Can you make a capacity estimate for the Lower River in July? (Check all responses that apply) No, it depends on how the boats are distributed No, I'm concerned estimates will be used to limit boats, which I oppose No, the number of boats doesn't matter to me No, the number of boats doesn't matter to me as long as I'm catching fish No, I care about the number of boats, but I don't know how to estimate this No, it's too complicated Yes (please provide your estimates below) If you checked "yes" above, please estimate the "reasonable capacity" for the Lower River the number of boats at one time before the quality of trips is compromised. (Circle one number per row; if you checked "no" responses, leave blank) On higher use days (such as 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1,000 1,500 Other: Tues and Sat in late July) T Report June 2010 Page 114 Table 14 -3 shows responses among users, landowners, and guides. Findings include: The proportion responding to the series of questions was 42% for all users, 66% for landowners, and 67% for guides, reflecting use of the Lower River and interest in the issue. For all groups, only about one -fifth of those who answered provided capacity estimates, so estimates should only be considered a "starting point" for discussion. Most users and landowners identified three main reasons for not estimating a capacity: 1) they weren't sure they could; 2) they were concerned that estimates might be used to Limit boats (which they oppose); or 3) capacities depend on how boats are distributed. o Among those willing to make estimates, there are some interesting findings: o Most estimated capacities no higher than typical high use levels at the end of July (about 400 boats). Although use did not reach those levels in 2009, it has exceeded this on some days in other years. Results suggest that current peaks may compromise experiences. c Average capacity estimates were about 250 to 300 boats for users and landowners, which is similar to the "rule of thumb" capacity estimates from crowding ratings (Chapter 6). o Guides on average reported higher capacity estimates than users (about 400 vs. 250 -300); they may be less sensitive to crowding impacts or targeting a higher capacity to reduce the chance of lost access if a capacity were implemented). o Differences between capacities on high vs. low use days were small, suggesting such distinctions are less important. Table 14-3. Percent of responses related to Lower River boat capacities. No No, I care about the number of boats, but I don't know how to estimate this High use days in July (average) Other days in July (average) DRAFT Rep ort ^June 20 =0 AU users 31 278 243 Landowners Guides Percent of those willing to provide capacity estimate 18 17 22 No, the number of boats doesn't matter to me 23 s are distributed 23 30 27 33 270 272 23 412 385 Page 115 In July DRAFT :eport s..aune 2010 Lower River guide boat capacities Std Parallel questions asked about guide boat capacities on the Lower River (see below): The peak number of guide boats on the Lower River at one time during "guide hours" (6 am to 6 pm, Tuesday through Saturday) has varied over the years. In recent years in July, there are typically 100 to 150, with some peaks about 200. There are lower numbers in other months. Because guided boats are not evenly distributed and some users only fish a part of the river, boaters may encounter fewer guided boats than these counts. However, there is interest in "starting a conversation" about a "reasonable guide capacity estimate" for the Lower River the number of guided boats at one time before the quality of trips is compromised. Can you make a "guided boat capacity estimate" for the Lower River in July? (Check all responses that apply) No, I object to defining a "capacity" for guided boats No, it depends on how guided boats are distributed No, I'm concerned estimates will be used to limit guided boats, which I oppose No, the number of guided boats doesn't matter to me No, the number of guided boats doesn't matter to me as long as I'm catching fish No, I care about the number of guided boats, but I don't know how to estimate this No, it's too complicated Yes (please provide your estimates below) If you checked "yes" above, please estimate the maximum number of guided boats that should be on the Lower River at one time. (Circle one number per row. If you checked any of the "no" responses, leave this question blank). 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 400 7. Other: Table 14 -4 (next page) shows responses among users, landowners, and guides for these questions. Findings include: The proportion responding to this series of questions was 42% among all users, 65% for landowners, and 56% for guides, reflecting use of the Lower River and interest in the issue. Among respondents, 17% of the users, 31% of landowners and 16% of guides provided numerical capacity estimates, so they are only a "starting point" for discussion. Reasons for not providing an estimate among users were similar to those for "total boat capacities" (see above). However, 46% of the guides object to identifying a capacity for guide boats. This is consistent with their complaint that guides have been "singled out" to solve the Kenai's overuse problems. Among those willing to estimate a number: o Most estimated capacities no higher than "typical" high use levels at the end of July (about 150 guide boats). Although use levels did not reach those levels in 2009, it has exceeded this on several days in previous years. As with total boat capacity estimates, current peaks may compromise experiences. o Average capacity estimates were about 130 guide boats for users, but over 200 for guides, consistent with guides' higher tolerances for crowding impacts and lower support for use limits. o Differences between capacities on high vs. low use days were small, suggesting such distinctions are less important. Page 115 Percent of those willing to provide capacity estimate No, I'm concerned estimates will be used to limit boats, which I oppose No, the number of boats doesn't matter to me as long as I'm catching fish No, it's too complicated who estimated 150 or less tylpip Table 14-4. Percent of responses related to Lower River guide boat capacities. All users 27 No, I object to defining a "capacity" for guided boats 12 5 9 80 Landowners 8 4 5 79 Guides 16 34 6 0 55 DRAFT Repeat* June 2010 Page 117 ena F J,ti(on S tud Upper River boat capacities Parallel questions asked about boat capacities on the Upper River from Sportsman's to Jim's Landing, the highest use segment (see below): Upper River boating counts have increased in recent years. For 2004, the latest year with accurate data, the number of boats passing the ferry per day in the fishing season... averaged about 60 boats per day on weekdays averages about 100 boats per day on weekends peaked over 200 boats per day on high use weekends (during red salmon runs) guided use is already limited on this segment, and typically ranges from 15 to 20 boats per day Because everyone travels downstream, there are multiple channels, and there are many daylight hours, people may encounter many fewer boats than these "per day" counts. However, there is interest in "starting a conversation" about a "reasonable boat capacity estimate" for the Upper River the number of boats per day before the quality of trips is compromised. Can you make a capacity estimate for the Upper River (specifically from Sportsman's Landing to Jim's Landing)? (Check all responses that apply) No, it depends on how the boats are distributed No, I'm concerned estimates will be used to limit boats, which I oppose No, the number of boats doesn't matter to me No, the number of boats doesn't matter to me as long as I'm catching fish No, I care about the number of boats, but I don't know how to estimate this No, it's too complicated Yes (please provide your estimates below) If you checked "yes" above, please estimate the "reasonable capacity" on the Sportsman's to Jim's Landing segment the number of boats per day before the quality of trips is compromised. (If you checked any of the "no" responses above, leave this question blank). During red salmon runs 50 75 100 150 200 250 300 400 Other: Table 14 (next page) shows responses for these questions. Findings include: The proportion responding to these questions was 58% for all users, 41% for landowners, and 31% for guides. Fewer in these latter two groups use the Upper River (guides are limited, there is less private land, and powerboats are prohibited). Among respondents, 18% of all users, 16% of landowners, and 46% of guides estimated capacities, so estimates are only a "starting point" for discussion. The high proportion of guides makes sense given that they are already limited (and probably have greater interest in limits on other users that wouldn not affect them). Among users, reasons for not providing an estimate were similar to those for the Lower River (see above): 1) they weren't sure they could; 2) capacities depend on how boats are distributed; and 3) they were concerned that estimates might be used to limit boats (which they oppose). Among those willing to estimate a capacity, findings include: o Most estimated capacities lower than 150 for red runs, much lower than existing peaks that may reach 200 per day. As with Lower River capacity estimates (and consistent with crowding and impact information from Chapter 6), existing peaks may compromise experiences. DRAFT Repoli June 2010 Page 11/i o Average capacity estimates for red runs were about 160 boats for users, and 110 for guides. In contrast to the Lower River, users (rather than guides) may worry about losing access if use was limited (because guided use is already limited). o Average capacity estimates on days outside the red runs were lower under 100, suggesting different capacities during and outside the red runs. Table 14-5. Percent of responses related to Upper River boat capacities. No, it depends on how the boats are dis No, the number of boats doesn't matter to me No, I care about the number of boats, but I don't know how to estimate this During red runs (average During other times (average) Other comments on use limit actions All users 36 7 157 150 Landowners 34 118 89 Guides 22 26 20 10 10 12 21 106 86 Taken together, findings show that most Kenai users, landowners, and guides are not enthusiastic about use limits that might restrict their own access, but many support limits that might reduce someone else's use. Users and landowners were particularly supportive of limits on guide boats or number of guides, while guides support limits on unguided boats on the Upper River (where guides are already limited). Other results are broadly consistent with findings that show some times and segments have high use levels and associated impacts. Even though many respondents were unwilling to estimate capacities, those with an opinion typically estimated capacities lower than current peaks. This is relevant for long -term planning because recreation use levels on the Kenai are unlikely to stabilize on their own. State, southcentral Alaska, and Kenai Peninsula populations will probably increase over the next two decades, as will tourism -based visitation. Given the number of undeveloped residential lots on the river and the increase in retirees from the "baby boom" demographic, increased local use is another reasonable prediction. The likely result is increasing average and peak use levels which, left unmanaged, will translate into higher impacts and changed recreation experiences. DRAFT Report F June 2010 Page 119 Some suggest that use increases are not inevitable and may "self-regulate," particularly if those sensitive to higher use or impacts reduce or stop their river use. This study suggests some displacement and "product shift" are already occurring (see Chapter 9), but it is unclear whether this will displace enough use to prevent increases. More importantly, "self- regulation" of this sort creates interim degraded conditions (the "stagnation and decline" components of the classic "tourism life cycle" (Butler, 1980; Miller and Gallucci, 2004). It is also possible that stable or declining fishing participation trends in the United States (USFWS, 2006) or Alaska (Romberg, 2006) may counter population or visitation increases. However, we doubt that these trends will apply to accessible streams in southeentral Alaska, or a river as popular as the Kenai. Research suggests the factors affecting fishing participation are complex (Aas, 1995; Fedler and Ditton, 2001; Romberg, 2006), and specific forecasts for the Kenai are beyond the scope of this study. But we are skeptical that Kenai use will stabilize unless the fisheries decline first. If use limits are eventually contemplated, it will be important to choose a capacity through a transparent process with public and stakeholder input. The survey provides a starting point for discussion, but a greater proportion of users will need to become calibrated to use levels to effectively debate "how much is too much," Without advocating for a process to define capacities on the Kenai, we note that capacity decisions are generally less contentious if they can be made before use approaches the levels under consideration and cutting back use is usually politically challenging. The Kenai may be past that point for some segments and seasons, but there are others where capacities are not exceeded now, but could be in the future. The sooner agencies explore this issue, the better the chance of developing consensus about the level of use the river can sustain. It is difficult to manage what you can't measure and discuss, so better information is a necessary step. Toward this end, we have made some use monitoring recommendations for river segments and seasons likely to receive management attention in the future (see list at the end of this chapter). Measured systematically and posted online, they could become useful information for anglers and stakeholders when planning their trips or evaluating what they experienced. In the same way that published sonar counts provide anglers with a metric to associate with fishing success and biological management goals, published use information could improve the debate about appropriate use and impact levels. In the meantime, there is little support for "fully implemented" use limits (e.g., permit systems that limit people, boats, or camping groups per day). Nonetheless, there are other ways to indirectly influence use levels. For example, limiting parking spaces at bank angling access points constrains the number of bank anglers in an area like a State Park unit or the shore accessible by the Russian River Ferry. This is the primary management tool in place at several Upper and Middle River Locations, many of which have fee parking and defined spaces. However, several of those sites probably allow too many vehicles when they are completely full, especially because anecdotal evidence suggests many anglers have learned to carpool or even take taxis to the parking lots, essentially increasing the people per parking space. To be effective, more explicit decisions about capacities are needed. Angler proximity standards, estimates of anglers per vehicle, and measurements of accessible shoreline for fishing can all help with this task for specific areas. Another indirect use limit focuses on redistributing use through information. As discussed in Chapter 6, this strategy is less likely to be effective with powerboat anglers targeting kings, who may concentrate their use despite crowding or related impacts. But many other anglers may appreciate information about use levels, and may adjust their trips to avoid peak days and segments. Publicized use information has redistributed use information on Oregon's Deschutes River, and this might work to some extent on the Kenai as well. DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 120 Finally, limiting guided use is a common strategy on many rivers. This has been adopted on the Upper River and has been advocated by some unguided users and stakeholder groups for the Lower and Middle River. But limiting guides at (for example) current use levels will not stop growth if non guided use continues to increase. The next chapter covers guided /unguided issues in greater detail, Direct use limits involve trade -offs, including greater regimentation and administrative costs (Brunson et al., 1992). There are also choices about allocating use among different groups (e.g., commercial vs. non- commercial users, motorized vs. non motorized users) and rationing method to use (e.g., reservations, lotteries, first -come /first- served). Information in the research literature explore use limit options (Shelby Danley, 1980; Shelby et al., 1982; Shelby, Whittaker Danley, 1989; EDAW, 1995; Whittaker and Shelby, 2008). Recommended use level monitoring The following use level data can be collected efficiently and provide indicators of use related impacts on the Kenai. Some are already being collected, while others would require some investment. In all cases, it is important to make the information accessible in "near real time" (e.g., with a day or two on a website) so users can become "calibrated" to what they experienced or better plan future trips. Lower River tl ant. Collect and post daily during June and July and on Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, and Sundays from August 1 through September 15. Highest at one time ADF &G boat count for the entire Lower River on days when counts are conducted. Information should include all boats counted (not just those fishing), but should distinguish guided and unguided counts. These data are already being collected and "instantly" submitted electronically to ADF &G staff but they are not generally publicized. On ADF &G's non counting days in July, consider contracting a single at- one -time count between about 8 and 10 am (the typical highest use period) using the same ADF &G protocols. This would provide a count for every day in the month. For August and early September, conduct at -one -time counts using ADF &G protocols on the four days per week schedule. Middle River Collect and post on Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, and Sundays from the start of the second red run (roughly July 10) through September: Boats launching from Bing's Landing. This is available from fee information, but is not systematically tallied by day. Boat trailers parked at Lower Slcilak (at one time count between 2 and 4 pm). This would require new data collection. It might be contracted with shuttle drivers or guides who use the ramp most days. Upper River Collect and post daily during red runs (roughly June 10 to June 30; July 15 to Aug 10) and on Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, and Sundays through September 30: DRAFT 2e9 ort udte 2010 Page 121 Boats launching from Cooper Landing per day. This is available from fee information, but not systematically tallied by day. Boats launching from Sportsman's per day. This is already available from FWS concessionaires, but it is not published until the end of the season. i Ferry passengers per day. Trailer count at Jim's Landing and across highway parking (at one time count between 2 and 4 pm). This would require new data collection, but might be contracted with guides or shuttle drivers who use the ramp most days. For all data, it is important to develop clear protocols for counting methods. Once collected, data need to be made publically available in user friendly form, thereby helping users develop better `calibration" between use levels and their experiences. As with other (e.g., ADF &G) Kenai data, quality control is important so those responsible for collecting, tabulating, or reporting/posting information need to be well trained and conscientious. DRAFT' Report June 2010 Page 122 atLlo. Statements about guides 15. Guided /Unguided Use Issues This chapter provides information from the follow -up survey about attitudes toward guide /unguided use issues. It lOcuses on responses to 12 statements about guides, unguided users, and resolving conflicts between them ton a 5 point agree- disagree scale, with a neutral option). The statements were developed from focus group comments about issues each group has with the other, reviewed by agencies and stakeholders to reduce bias. The chapter concludes with other differences between guided and unguided users and comments about addressing guided /unguided conflicts or limits. Respondents were asked whether they agree or disagree with the following statements about guides or guided use: The total number of guided boats can detract from experiences. Some guides tend to be "more aggressive" (such as getting too close to others, controlling a hole, or cutting in front of other boats waiting to enter a drift). Aside from other issues, some people are envious that guided anglers catch more fish. Problems with guided use are mostly due to a few individual guides. DRAFT Report June 2010 Ban angers D •ift anglers P >werboat anglers UMW, telit8enber of guided U3g�y a act G.tide ngers D'ift guides P 3werboat guides B ink anglers D ift anglers P> s([&g are Lin: J :in ive Gilded anglers Q ^ift guides P fwerboat guides Bank an Li 13 W €1F4 D•iRiJQIb IC fish P 7werboat guides B ink anglers D'ift anglers P fwerboat anglers L nOnabillimis due to a few U ignitlettlaegtarkles Gilded anglers D •ift guides P werb u'de LaTha Mena IMMIX SOME ESI NIMINIMINIMM ISSINEAVERMEI esagEMMIESISERISI 36% 30% 38% 32% 28% 45% 56% 74% 83% 77% 76% 78% 83% 90' 87% 1 76% 74% 74% 75% 71% 83% 100% 3 3 3 80% 60% 40% 2 2 20% 0% strongly or slightly disagree 20% 40% 60% 80% slightly or strongy agree Figure 15.1. Percent agree/disagree with common statements about guided use. 87 °A 6% 100% Figure 15 -1 provides results for different groups. Findings include: Most respondents in all groups except powerboat guides agree that the number of guided boats can detract from trips. This fits with other findings showing there are segments and seasons when use and impacts too high, but further suggesting guided use is part of the problem for many users (and even some guides). Group differences on "the number of guide boats detract" make sense; unguided users were more likely to agree. In addition, drift or bank anglers were less likely to agree, probably because they are more likely to use the Upper River (where guide boats are already limited). Sixty -nine to 90% of all groups agree that some guides can be "aggressive" on the river, and responses are highly correlated with "the number of guides can detract" (r -0.67, p<.001). The 1992 study discussed this issue (Whittaker and Shelby 1993), noting that guides have at the least a "serious public relations problem." These data suggest that problem has not gone away, although 2009 data do not quantify the amount aggressive behavior or the proportion of guides who engage in it. The Kenai Guide Academy initiative (a week -long course all guides are required to complete) has probably helped improve guide etiquette, but it seems clear that some guides continue practices that others resent. Users and landowners were divided over whether "envy" about higher guided catch rates helps explain antipathy toward guided use, although 74 to 77% of guides agree with this statement. The disparity in catch -rates is striking, but "catch -rate envy" is not widespread (or at least not reported) among the users presumed to possess it. Seventy -one to 96% of all groups agree that most guided use problems are caused by a few individual guides, but this was not correlated (r -0.05, p =.254) with concern about some guides' aggressive behavior. As discussed in the 1992 study, guides themselves are in the best position to identify and "sanction" fellow guides who practice aggressive behavior, and "failure to take up this challenge will probably increase the call for further guide restrictions." Even so, the perception among users is that aggressive behavior from guides is more widespread than "a few individuals." Statements about unguided users Respondents were asked to agree or disagree with the following statements about unguided use: Some unguided users do not have the appropriate boat 1 equipment to fish in higher density areas. Some unguided users disrupt fishing for others when they use inappropriate fishing techniques (such as drifting when others are back trolling or vice versa). Some unguided users don't know the "rules" for driving on the river and create safety hazards. Problems with unguided users are mostly due to a few individuals. DRAFT Repo,' June 29 Page 124 Stu L a §41r�r pt fishing Gu 5Iiate Dri P 3werboat guides Bank enters D -i I ui$ r2r1 Pe f1': gll rfei4 Gu gd ers D rift guides P 3werboat guides Bank anglers D'ift anglers P )werboat anglers L arm due to a few U iguidetl188gderguided users Gilded anglers D ift guides P i erboat PA .130WWWWVISSONIMMI 64% 67% 68% 8% 70% 9 65% 9 77% MIWIM 69% WIla 66% 77 1 81% 7 74% 76% 7 82% ,w..c.. 77% 9 76% 7 81% 64% 72 Bank anglers D ift anglers P mSabeatrrgldtlsd users 2 Li attic: rose appropriate Grrgeiplflssb0ats for areas oit qui es P )werboat guides Bank anglers D •ift anglers P 3witrkkal "wino] 2 2 0% 62% 59% 58 51% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% strongly or slightly disagree slightly or strongy agree Figure 15-2. Percent agree /disagree with common statements about unguided use. 6% Figure 15 -2 provides results for different groups; findings include: Most boating users agree that some unguided users lack the appropriate equipment or boats to fish in high density situations, and even more agree that some unguided users don't know the `rules of the road." Responses to the two statements were also correlated (m0.64, p<,001). Guides agree with these statements more strongly still, confirming focus group discussion that this is a major source of friction from the guide perspective. It is not surprising that some unguided users have less river running knowledge (or less capable boats /equipment) than guides, but widespread recognition of the problem provides support for increased boater safety education or regulations Most users and an even more guides agree that some unguided users disrupt others by using inappropriate fishing techniques. Responses to this statement were also highly correlated with "unguided users don't have appropriate boats /equipment" (r =0.69, p<.001) and "unguided users don't know rules of the road" (r =0.77, p <.001). Taken together, these findings imply that interference impacts can be reduced if more users improve their boats /equipment, learn to drive better, and fish in sync with others. Education efforts that encourage this are likely to receive support from both sides. Majorities (64 to 82 of all groups agree that most unguided use problems stem from behavior of a few individuals, an analogous finding to the parallel question about guides. However, responses to this statement were only weakly correlated with others related to unguided use (r 0.13). Identifying and improving that behavior through education or regulation would garner support from both groups. DRAFT Rapert m une 2010 Page 125 Statements about other guided /unguided use issues Respondents were asked to agree or disagree with four additional statements about guides or guided use: No one group is the problem, everyone needs to share the burden of reducing impacts. The burden of reducing impacts should be proportional to the group that is causing the impacts. Limiting guided use is a good way to reduce overall use. Local economic benefits from guided use are more important than overuse issues. A L u 87% 87% P A L u G D P B D P u G D 21% A I users ndowners7 guided angle ided anglers ift guides erbo.t t aide L P DRAFT Report? June 10 10 t)rr 0 0 t st 7 t _rv_'s_,C1? tl. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 14% 8% 9% 45% 73% 78% 72% 75% 69% 67% 75% 70% 24% L 4% b 4% 9 20% 40% 60% 80% t cal econo nefits froi ided use e import n overus sues 100% strongly or slightly disagree %slightly or strongy agree Figure 15-3. Percent agree /disagree with other statements about guided- unguided use issues. Figure 15 -3 provides results for different groups; findings include: Large majorities (73 to 91%) of all groups agree that "everyone should share the burden of reducing impacts." This proportion drops substantially for powerboat guides (to 50 for the statement "the burden...should be proportional to the groups causing the impacts," probably reflecting concern that guided use will be limited more than others. Nonetheless, there is conceptual agreement that reducing impacts is important and should be shared. Differences between the two groups become more apparent regarding the concept of limiting guides to address overuse, and responses are consistent with rational self interest. Limiting guides would reduce use and impacts at no cost to unguided users, and 70% support it, while guides see lost access for their group only. Guided users are more divided, but more disagree than agree (48% to 38 Page 126 to a Other differences between guided unguided users Some of these differences are similar for the statement about local economic impacts from guided use being more important than overuse issues. Most users (particularly unguided users and landowners) do not think economic benefits "trump" overuse issues. This is also a rational position, as most would experience better conditions with few direct effects on their own situation. In contrast, guides are more divided, with powerboat guides more likely to agree than driftboat guides. Additional analysis explored other issues. Findings include: A model predicting agreement with `limiting guided use is a good way to reduce overall use" (R =.31) can be improved with other variables, but frequency of guided trips is still the biggest predictor: Frequency of guided trips 0.31); less guided use 4 more agreement on limiting guides. Quality of trips over the years (r= 0.31); more decline 4 more agreement on limiting guides. Support for use limits in general (r— '0.15); more support -3 more agreement on limiting guides. Quality of management over the years (r=- 0.11); less improvement in management 4 more agreement on limiting guides. The frequency of guided use was significantly correlated with many other variables, but mostly at low levels (e.g., less than 0.20). Those with higher correlations include: Guided users reported less crowding, r -0.20. Unguided users have reduced /stopped use of some segments more often, r -0.20. Unguided users support limiting guided boats on Lower River in July more, r=-0.32 Unguided users support limiting total guides on Lower River more, r=0.31 Unguided users support guide limits per day on Middle River more, r=-0.23 Unguided users support limiting the number of guides (in general) more, r=-.25 Other information about guided use There are many ways to assess the amount of guided use, its contribution to overall use levels, and whether limiting guides or guide boats per day would be effective. In addition to information in Chapter 3 on use levels, we have assembled several graphs that approach the issue in different ways. Figure 15 -4 shows the number of commercial operator permits on the Kenai from 1982 to the present (from State Parks data base). The figure shows the number of powerboat guides, drift guides, non fishing guides, fishing guides, and total guides. Note that some categories can overlap (a non fishing guide could also be counted in the drift guide total). A companion figure (Figure 15 -5) uses the same data to project guide numbers out to 2020, assuming long -term trends remain the same. Findings include: The total number of commercial operators is largely driven by the number of powerboat fishing guides. Powerboat guides make up 80 to 85 percent of all guides in recent years, and fishing guides make up 88 to 93% of all guides. Powerboat guides have increased over the long term, although there have been fluctuations for short periods and the last two years have been down (the 322 in 2009 was about 13% lower than the highest peak at 372 in 2007). A continued poor national economy and projected weak salmon runs appears likely to reduce this further in 2010. Another 6 to 7% drop would put powerboat guide numbers around 300, the 2000 -04 level. The number of drift guides has been about 60 to 80 over the past 25 years. DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 127 The number of non- fishing operators (including boat rentals, shuttle operators, guided kayak tours on the lakes, and a horseback guide) has increased over the years, although at a slightly lower rate than powerboat guides. If historical trends were to continue at the same rate (Figure 15 -5), the total number of commercial operations might approach 500 by 2020, of which about 470 would be fishing guides. Powerboat guides would approach 450, drift-based guides would slightly decline to 65, and non- fishing guides increase to about 60. 100 and Nnt er of gibs Dili gai N -fit ing gicks 0 0 I I 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2024 2006 2008 Figure 15-4. Number of commercial operators by category,1982-2009 (from State Parks). DRAFT Repot June 2010 Page 128 1982 1984 1986 19611 1990 1992 1994 1966 1998 26/10 2072 206 2006 266 2710 2012 2114 2016 2018 22) Figure 15 -5. Historical trends for number of commercial operators by category (from State Parks). DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 129 Tue 19 alt 23 The PS Sat 30 T� 18 5-t 22 Tie 25 St 29 Tue 17 Sc-t 21 &I 28 Tue 31 Sat 19 Ff 25 5 The 29 Sat 18 Ned 22 S-t 25 Tw 100% LIR The total number of guides may not be the best indicator of guided use levels on any segment or day, which is probably more important for management. Discussion about guide limits often focuses on the Lower River during July, when both kings and reds attract high use. ADF &G counts show that guided use makes up about 65% of at- one -time use when both guided and unguided users are on the river (6 am to 6 pm, Tuesdays through Saturdays). Does that proportion hold on highest use days (the days more likely to be "over capacity" and likely target for use limits on guides or all boaters). Figure 15 -6 shows the total number of boats during the four highest counts for each of the past five years, as well as the proportion of guided use during those counts. '/o 60% 40% 20% 100 200 .y, 300 400 500 600 F1;ruert guided Total bait court Figure 15 -6. Total Lower River boat counts and percent of boats that were guided on high use days in July, 2005 -20 Findings include: As discussed in Chapter 3, Lower River boating levels on high use days were higher from 2005 -07 than in the past two years. High use in 2009 was generally less than 350 boats, while it commonly exceeded 400 to 450 in previous years. The percent of guided use varies across high use days. On some days it exceeds the July average of 59% (or the full season average of 65 but on most days it is about 50 to 55 Guided use provides the majority of use on high use days, but unguided use is variable and determines how high use will go. During the 1992 study, there were only 212 total powerboat guides, and the `Yule of thumb" estimate was that guided use contributed about one -third of total use on the Lower River. In recent years, there have been as many as 372 powerboat guides, and the guided contribution is usually greater than 65% during the early king run, about 59% during July, and varies between 50 and 70% on high use days. Similar data is not available for the Middle and Upper River, but most evidence (discussed in Chapter 3) suggests guide proportions are much smaller. On the Upper River, the number of guides and starts per DRAFT Report June 2010 page 130 guide per week are limited, and 2004 photo data suggests less than a third of all boats are guided (with about half of guided trips scenic rather than fishing). On the Middle River, 2004 FWS interview data from July and October suggest guided use is about 25% and 22% of all boats, respectively. 2009 data suggests this may be increasing to about 31 This may be an area where future monitoring could help identify trends. Residency of guides is often discussed as part of the guided/unguided debate. The proportion of guides with Alaskan residency shows it has varied between 68 and 81% over the years from 1982 to present, with an average of 76% (lowest in the late 1980s, 76% in 2009). Other comments on guided unguided use issues Taken together, preceding information suggests some common ground. Education and regulation that improves 1) guide etiquette or 2) unguided craft, equipment, skills, and knowledge are likely to he supported by all sides. Similarly, most will support efforts to identify and sanction individual guides or unguided users responsible for problem behaviors. If these programs actually improve behavior on high use days, some friction will be reduced. However, even significantly improved behavior (by guides) or improved skill and equipment ((among unguided users) is unlikely to remove the fundamental tension between these groups, particularly on the Lower River during July. Guides are easily identified on the river, they make up the majority of use during "guide hours," they have a majority of clients from out of state, and their numbers have grown in the past two decades. It is not surprising that unguided users support guide limits that won't apply to them. Guides also represent a commercial use, and there is long tradition of restricting commercial recreation uses before all uses in recreation settings (Whittaker and Shelby, 2008). Many guides are aware of this perspective and "push back" to protect their access. Common rebuttals include: 1) guided users are part of the public too; 2) guides offer opportunities to people without skill or equipment; 3) guides are skilled operators that can help establish "best practices" or help with rescues (when needed); 4) guided use produces local economic benefits; 5) guide access is already restricted to specific days and hours (and limited on the Upper River); and 6) unguided use has also increased over the years and should he part of any use limit effort. These opposing perspectives will make it challenging to develop consensus opinion about the need for or appropriate level of guided use limits (or all user limits). If agencies contemplate guide limits to meet capacity goals, they should brace for contentious debates and possibly litigation. In these situations, a transparent decision- making process and extensive opportunity to engage stakeholders will be important to develop reasonable objectives, apply limits that accomplish those objectives, and treat different groups fairly. To help work through such a process, agencies and stakeholders might consider the following: Guide limits are an issue on the entire river, but not all commercial use is growing and it is possible to target specific segments and seasons (as do Upper River guide limits). The Lower River in July is the most prominent segment /season where guide limits are a major issue, although unguided users support such limits on the Middle River too. Many rivers with substantial commercial use and overuse problems have limited guided use, often without limiting unguided use. But unless one expects all the growth in use to be guided, limits on guides alone will not solve the problem. On the Upper River, for example, limits on guides have probably slowed but not stopped increasing use. DRAFT Report June 2010 Page Unless guide limits are substantially lower than current levels, they are unlikely to dramatically reduce use levels. For example, during high use periods on the Lower River (e.g., peak counts over 400 boats per day), guided use may account for 200 to 250 boats, so a 20% reduction in guided use would only remove 40 to 50 boats (probably noticeable, but within current day -to -day variation experienced on the river). Guide limits for the Lower River in July are probably best viewed as a way to slow future growth of the largest use sector. If a freeze on guide numbers had been implemented in the early 1990s (when first proposed), there would be 30 to 40% less guided boats now. The open question is whether this long -term growth trends will continue going forward. Limiting the commercial sector first tends to pre determine a "split allocation approach" if a full system is ever implemented. The advantages and disadvantages of "split allocation" vs. "common pool" approaches are complex and beyond the scope of this document, but these need to be carefully examined. A full discussion of river use allocation issues (not to be confused with fishery allocation) is in Whittaker and Shelby, 2008. Although over 100 rivers in the country have guide limits specified (with many agencies actively managing the number of guides or other components of their use), including several federally managed rivers in Alaska (e.g., Alselc, Gulkana, Upper Kenai, Karluk, Togiak Refuge rivers). The State of Alaska has a shorter history and different guide regulation structure that has focused more on certifying safe operations than regulating the amount of use. Many use limits (including limits on guides alone) on Lower 48 rivers were supported by existing guides who were concerned that rising use was degrading their trips. That support often rested on the assumption that existing guides would retain "grandfather rights" to operate, and open question in Alaska. If guide limits are contemplated, consequences will vary depending upon the type of limit (e.g., the total number of guides vs. the number of guide boats for a specific segment or period). In general, limiting overall number of guides is a "broader" action. Many of the Kenai's overuse problems appear on the highest use days, so it makes sense to also target those periods. If a split approach is taken, one major challenge will be to determine an "appropriate" split (which may vary by segment, season, or time of day). Because current use on the Lower and Middle River is unrestricted, a fair assessment of market- driven demand is possible for these segments; once use is limited, assessing demand becomes nearly impossible leading to value -based debates and difficulty developing objectives -based decisions. It is always more challenging to reduce use rather than freeze it; reductions represent loss of income or access, while a freeze only prevents growth. Given that market conditions appear to be driving current guide numbers to roughly 2000 -04 levels, there may he a "window" for an interim freeze to allow agencies, stakeholders, and the public to work through a range of management actions. Such a freeze would protect current guides, which is probably preferable to allowing growth and then deciding that reductions are necessary. DRAFT Report June 2' 10 Page 132 2009 respondents were asked: Users yes in 2009 %a'...yes in 1992 Average per day 2009 DRAFT Report a June. 410 16. User Fees This chapter reports responses from the follow -up survey regarding user fees. Respondents were asked if they would he willing to pay user fees. Other issues related to fees in river settings are also reviewed. User fees are often used to help offset the costs of managing recreation areas. Various federal agencies have day use, camping, and boat launching fees at facilities across Alaska, although most are not for simple use of the river. On some rivers in the Lower 48 (e.g., Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Oregon's Deschutes, Idaho's Middle Fork and Main Salmon rivers), daily fees above and beyond facility use have been in place for many years and are widely accepted. Opinions about user fees Management of the Kenai River (facility maintenance, river patrols, etc.) is currently funded by state and federal budgets. Would you be willing to pay a "user fee" on the Kenai (beyond launch or other facility fees already charged), assuming that all revenues would be returned to help manage the river? no yes How much would you be willing to pay? dollars per day dollars per season 1992 respondents were asked a similar question: Would you be willing to pay a "user fee" on the Kenai if it were used to increase the quality of services provided? The 1992 question was modified because 1) several new facility fees have been introduced since 1992; 2) agencies wanted to clarify that revenues from fees would be used to help manage the river; and 3) fees we wanted to ask about were above and beyond current facility -based fees. Despite these differences, it is useful to compare findings from the two different studies (Table 16 -1). Table 16-1. Percent willing to pay user fees and average amounts. All Bank Drift Powerboat Land- Drift Powerboat users anglers anglers anglers owners guides guides 61 7 Average 1992; (inflation Average per season 2009 Average 1992 (inflation adjust Note: Average fees in parentheses adjusted fo 6 48 6 49 47 5 4 (6) 7 ("11) 7 40 55 7 59 nflation to 2009 dollars. 38 5 49 nd)r 30 48 39 4 not asked 107 not asked 26 32 7 7 Pag Other fee considerations 1 i117iJK.Cx8h Slit £e :dCreat7a. +.ift6° i6tC 2i Cl Findings include: Just under half of all users are willing to pay user fees; drift anglers were the only group with a majority reporting a willingness to pay. Powerboat anglers, landowners, and powerboat guides were least willing to pay. Substantially fewer users were willing to pay user fees in 2009 than 1992 (48% vs. 61%). Possible explanations include: 1) The new preamble to the question changes how respondents interpreted the question (in particular, the 1992 question emphasized "improving quality" rather than collecting fees "beyond...facility fees 2) Several new day use fees have been added at State Parks or other recreation facilities on the river since 1992; this may have induced some "fee fatigue" among users. 3) The downturn in the 2009 economy. 4) General anti government or anti -tax sentiment. Of those willing to pay in 2009, average amounts were $5 to 7 per day and $40 to 50 per season. Adjusted for inflation, per day amounts were lower than in 1992 but per season amounts were higher. 2009 differences between drift and powerboat anglers were similar to a study of 1999 Gulkana River users, where there was more willingness to pay among drift anglers (61 than powerboaters (42 When considering fees, planners should recognize that fee collection introduce a larger "management footprint" on trips. Fees may also dampen use levels, a potential way to redistribute use from higher to lower use areas. There is anecdotal evidence that variable launch fees affect use levels at Kenai launches (e.g., and the Deschutes River in Oregon has effectively applied "congestion fees" (higher fees on weekends) to redistribute use from weekends to weekdays. In addition to these direct effects on users, fee programs may also impact future management choices in subtle ways. If user fees lead to lower legislative appropriations for management, for example, agency revenue streams dependent on higher use levels could lead some agencies to favor higher density opportunities. Agencies might also become more interested in developed opportunities that typically feature higher fees and revenues. Taken together, fee programs run the risk of "commercializing" recreation experiences, with direct, indirect, and sometimes unintended consequences. Fee programs can be an important source of management revenue, but fees may be more appropriate for some situations than others, and deserve consideration beyond the issue of whether people are willing to pay them. Additional information about fees (their history, advantages, disadvantages, and public support for them) is available in an annotated bibliography on the topic (Puttkamer, 2001). DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 134 Ken 17. Non Recreation Development Issues This chapter reviews responses from the follow -up survey about private land development (with a particular focus on the visual impacts of riverside development, which State Parks has some responsibility for). Respondents were asked about current development and permitting requirements. Preferred levels of development Respondents were asked to identify the appropriate level of river front development (e.g., docks and fishing platforms) from a visual perspective. Specific wording for the question follows; it was asked for each of the three segments: Public and private land owners on the Kenai River are currently allowed to develop up to one third of their riverfront property with docks or fishing platforms. For the entire river, at least 12% of the river's banks have been developed. Based on this information and your experience, how much development is appropriate from a visual perspective? (Please check one response for each segment you visit). Development should be reduced Keep it near current levels Allow it to increase slightly Allow it to increase substantially Allow it to double Allow it to triple I'm uncomfortable answering this (please specify why below) If you are uncomfortable estimating an appropriate level of bankside development, check all reasons that apply. (If you identified a development level above, leave this question blank). I just don't know I care about visual impacts but it is difficult to specify an appropriate amount. I care about visual impacts but the appropriate amount depends on the type location of development. I don't care about visual impacts as long as there is "no net loss" of fish habitat. I don't care about visual impacts because property owners have a right to create recreation facilities. Results for all users are given in Figure 17 -1 and Table 17 -1; additional information is in the supplemental report. Findings include: Most users favor current levels of development (about 55 or reductions (about 20 Of those favoring more development, most prefer slight increases, and less than 5% prefer doubling or tripling development (which current regulations allow). Differences for the three segments were small, suggesting a broader underlying attitude toward development (for most, "don't let development increase Differences between groups were small. Among those uncomfortable identifying a preferred development level, 36 to 53% said it depends on the type and location of development. Several verbatim comments specified how some development was preferred to bank trampling (see supplemental report). DRAFT Report June 2010 e b e y es �a ee e c, ew <P 0 ce I just don't know I care about visual impacts but the appropriate amount depends on the type and location of development. I care about visual impacts but it is difficult to specify an appropriate amount. I don't care about visual impacts because property owners have a right to create recreation access facilities. I don't care about visual impacts as long as there Is "no net Toss" of fish habitat. 1. Among respondents in each group that identified any reasons. tv1iaor w oe Q �0 Figure 17-1. Preferred level of bankside development along Kenai River segments among users. Table 17-1. For those uncomfortable answering development levels, percent identifying reasons. All users All guides Landowners n =459 n =99 n =98 31 13 14 36 51 53 27 32 23 10 14 17 13 25 16 DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 135 t' Stycty2 Opinions toward land use regulations and permitting Two questions asked respondents to agree or disagree on a 5 point scale with general statements about and use regulations and development along the Kenai. Results are shown in Figure 17 -2. A A DRAFT Report June NU In general, permitting requirements for docks, L dagfpleglks, and erosion control structures are too restrictive. G aides In general, existing zoning and permitting anallwairersents protect the river from over development. Glides strongly or slightly disagree 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 801 100% Figure 17 -2. Percent agreeldisagree with statements about permitting. slightly or strongy agree Findings include: Fifty -two percent of landowners find permitting requirements too restrictive, while users and guides are more divided. Landowners have first -hand experience with and may be responding to specific permitting requirements, while others may be interpreting the question through a broader perspective about whether restrictions seem fair. Fifty -three to sixty -two percent of all three groups agree that existing zoning and permitting requirements protect the river from overdevelopment, which fits with support for the status quo level of development (reported in Figure 17 -1). C 18. Concluding comments The preceding chapters document use and impact levels on the Kenai River and support for management actions that might be used to address them. Taken together, information supports a common narrative about the Kenai: there are times and places where use and impacts diminish the quality of experiences, and the river is "not what it used to be." Results also show considerable support for some actions (particularly development and education) to address these problems, but more divided opinion about several regulation options, changes in the type of use (e.g., more drift -only times /segments), or use limits (for guides or all users). Implementing actions with greater support should be possible, contingent on agency budgets. But choosing among actions with less support is likely to be challenging, with extensive stakeholder and public debate. One goal of this report is to inform agencies, stakeholders, and the public about issues in these debates. We also offer the following comments: Management on the Kenai River might be characterized as "mature." The river has been popular and heavily used for over five decades, and agencies have been concerned about impacts from that use for at least three. Along with planning and management activities by local and federal agencies, State driven planning efforts have produced a comprehensive management plan in 1986 and a revision in 1998. These existing plans provide general direction for addressing overuse problems, as well as constraints on what can be done. It's unlikely that a major overhaul of these plans is needed, and most initiatives can be developed with "step- down" plans or amendments to the existing Comprehensive Plan. It is important that new initiatives be considered in a comprehensive manner and coordinated with relevant partner agencies. One can liken this to a doctor's prescription to an aging athlete: the prescription may include exercise, diet, and training advice, in addition to vitamins or drug therapies. But the athlete can't expect high performance unless all the advice is taken; focusing on just one part of the prescription is likely to be ineffective (and possibly harmful). The KRSMA advisory board offers an institutional mechanism for prioritizing and considering initiatives in a comprehensive fashion. The board and its related Guide, Habitat, and River Use Committees have representation from multiple agencies and stakeholders, with a structure for reviewing ideas, considering information, and formulating a reasonable range of management alternatives to address a problem. Agencies could then review and refine alternatives, conduct additional analysis as needed, and present options for public review. Utilizing KRSMA as the initiation point for this process ensures better cross agency and stakeholder coordination. But committees made up of multiple and sometimes opposing groups often have difficulty developing strategies that go beyond the "least common denominator" (easier actions with consensus support or uncomplicated actions). In our experience, leadership from a lead agency can be crucial in overcoming this disadvantage. The KRSMA hoard typically meets from fall through spring, and chooses issues through an ad hoc or reactive process. A more systematic prioritization of issues conducted in early fall might help organize the scope of issues they will tackle each year. Study results about issue priorities might provide a useful starting point. Without a commitment to particular issues, it is too simple to "punt" on challenging problems. This study provides considerable information for addressing several issues, but other issues may still not be "ripe" for resolution without continued monitoring or longer -term attention from the public. For example, even if there were support for boating use limits, it is challenging to set a definitive DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 138 CRAFT report June 2010 Rereat capacity for some segments because data are not reported and is difficult for users to associate use levels with impacts they care about. This study provides information about potential standards for social impact indicators (e.g., perceived crowding, bank angling proximity, boating interference incidents, fishing competition), but broader acceptance of capacities is more likely if users become familiar with the use levels that would start to violate those standards. Developing an efficient but meaningful measure of use, then collecting and publicizing that information is important to educate everyone about use impact relationships. Chapter 14 described the probability of increased use over the long -teen and recognition that use may not become "self- regulating." Kenai recreation use is a classic "tragedy of the commons" situation, where there is no incentive for individuals or groups to constrain its own growing use, even though the collective impacts will inevitably degrade the resource. The solution to this problem, as discussed in the economics and recreation literature (Hardin, 1968; Shelby Heberlein, 1986; Manning, 2007), is always some variation of "mutual coercion, mutually agreed- upon collective actions that limit all groups in equitable ways. The history of resource management (whether applied to fish, forests, or recreation use) suggests a "line in the sand" will be needed at some point. If there is not sufficient public interest or political will to define that line now, good management should at least inform agencies, stakeholders, and the public about current conditions, how they may worsen in the future, and what is needed to stabilize or improve them. Ultimately, we hope agencies, stakeholders, and the public use information from this study to make conscious decisions about the kind of recreation opportunities and conditions they want on the Kenai River. The goal should be "management by design" rather than "management by default." Higher density opportunities are not inherently better or worse than lower density ones, but Disneyland is different from wilderness. Obviously the Kenai falls between these two extremes, but more recreation development or regulation may be needed to handle the volume of use if there is no political will to limit use. The challenge is to make deliberate and well- informed decisions about "what kind of place the Kenai will be." 19. Supplemental Report Sections s Additional information from the study is provided in a separate electronic report. Sections in that report include: Onsite surveys copies of the survey instruments for drift anglers, powerboat anglers, bank anglers, and non anglers. Follow -up surveys copies of the survey instrument for users, landowners, and guides. Fieldwork notes information from 2009 fieldwork. Focus group notes notes from 8 focus groups used to develop the survey instruments. Use observation forms copies of the use and impact observations forms used to collect infbrmation from on the river. 2009 use level information additional graphs and tables from use data provided by other agencies and studies (collected in one place for convenience). Use observation results additional tables with use data for comparisons in future years. Onsite survey results additional tables and analyses for sub- groups and segments. Follow -up survey results additional tables and analyses for sub- groups and segments. Verbatim comments open ended comments from onsite and follow -up surveys by group and topic. Study technician observations a summary of observations from the Upper River technician, with particular attention to Jim's Landing congestion issues. Excerpts from Forest Service Report on Upper River bear -human incidents. DRAFT Report °June 2010 Page 140 n 20. References Cohen, J. 1994. The earth is round (p <.05). American Psychologist, 49, 997 -1003. 'Nor Adelman, B. J., Heberlein, T. A., Bonnicksen, T. M. (1982). Social psychological explanations for the persistence of a conflict between paddling canoeists and motorcraft users in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. Leisure Sciences, 5, 45 -61. Alaska State Parks. 1993. Kenai River Carrying Capacity Study. Final Report. October. Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Parks and Recreation, Anchorage, Alaska. Brunson, M., B. Shelby, and J. Goodwin. 1992. Matching impacts with standards in the design of wilderness permit systems. In Standards for Wilderness Management. Pacific Northwest Research Station Gen. Tech. Report #PNW GTR 305, Portland, Oregon. Butler, R.W., The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution. Canadian Geographer, 1980. 24(1): p. 5 -12. Clark, Roger N. and Stankey, George H. 1979. The recreation opportunity spectrum: A framework for planning, management and research. USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest Experiment Station; General Technical Report PNW -98, Portland, OR. Cole, David N. and George H. Stankey. 1998. Historical development of Limits of Acceptable Change: Conceptual clarifications and possible extensions. In: McCool, S.F. and Cole, D.N. and others (Comps.), Proceedings: Limits of Acceptable Change and Related Planning Processes: Progress and Future Directions, pp. 5 -9; May 20 -22, 1997, Missoula, MT. Gen. Tech. Rpt. INT- GTR -371. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Cole, David N., Margaret E. Petersen and Robert E. Lucas. 1987. Managing wilderness recreation use: Common problems and potential solutions. USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General 'Technical Report INT -230. Ogden, UT. 60 pp. Cordell, H. Ken; Super, Gregory K. 2000. Trends in Americans' outdoor recreation. In: Gartner, William C.; Lime, David W., eds. Trends in outdoor recreation, leisure and tourism. Wallingford, United Kingdom: CABI Publishing: 133 -144. Davis, J. 2006. The Environmental Preference of Whitewater Kayakers on Four Southeastern Rivers. In Proceedings from 28th Annual Southeastern Recreation Research (SERR) Conference. February 26 -28, 2006. Wilmington, North Carolina Dawson, C. and Alberga, K. A. 2003. Acceptable number of user encounters: a study of Adirondack and Great Gulf Wilderness hikers. Proceedings of the 2003 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR -NE -317. Donnelly, M. P., Vaske, J. J., Whittaker, D., Shelby, B. 2000. Toward an understanding of norm prevalence: A comparative- analysis. Environmental Management, 25(4), 403 -414. EDAW. (1995). Reservation systems for boating on the Lower Deschutes River. Consultant report for Oregon Parks and Recreation Division, Salem, OR. DRAFT Report June 2010 Page 141 tl Stuo d 1. a t,. t to 115 Fisher, Roger, William L. Ury and Bruce Patton. Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In, 2nd Edition Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., April 1992. Graefe, Alan R.; Kuss, Fred R.; Vaske, Jerry J. 1990. Visitor impact management: the planning framework: Volume 2. Washington DC: National Parks and Conservation Association. 105 p. Graefe, A. Thapa., B. 2004. Conflict in natural resource recreation. In Society and Natural Resources: A summary of knowledge. 209 -224. Editors: Manfredo, M. J., Vaske, J. J., Bruyere, B., Field, D. L., 7 Brown, P. J. Modern Litho: Jefferson, MO. Haas, G. R. 2004. On the waterfront: Vital judicial ruling addresses visitor capacity. Parks and Recreation. September. Hardin, G. 1968. The Tragedy of the Commons. Science 162: 1243 -48 Heherlein, T. A., Vaske, .I.2. (1977). Crowding and visitor conflict on the Bois Brule river. (Report WISC WRC 77 -04). University of Wisconsin: Water Resources Center. Hendricks, W.W. 1995. A Resurgence in Recreation Conflict Research: Introduction to the Special Issue. Leisure Sciences. 17. 157 -158 Jacob, 0., Schreyer, R. 1980. Conflict in outdoor Recreation: A theoretical perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 12, 368 -380, Jackson, E.L. and Wong, R.A.G. 1982. Perceived conflict between urban cross country skiers and snowmobilers in Alberta. Journal of Leisure Research 14(1): 47 -62. Johnson, R.L., B. Shelby, and N. Bregenzer. 1990. Economic values and product shift on the Rogue River: A study of non- commercial whitewater recreation. Oregon State Univ., Water Resources Research Institute, Report WRRI -107. Kuss, F.R., Graefe, A.R. and Vaske, J.J. 1990. Visitor Impact Management: Volume One A Review of Research. National Parks and Conservation Association. Washington DC. Lucas, R. C. 1964. The recreation capacity of the Quetico- Superior area. (Research Paper LS -15). St. Paul, MN: Lake States Experiment Station. Lucas, R. C. 1982. Recreation regulations when are they needed? Journal of Forestry. 80(3): 148 -151. Manning, Robert E. 1999. Search for satisfaction. In: Studies in outdoor recreation: search and research for satisfaction (second edition). Corvallis: Oregon State University Press: 1 -15. Manning, R. 2007. Parks and Carrying Capacity: Commons without Tragedy. Washington, DC: Island Press, 313 pages. Neilson, M, Shelby, B., and Haas, E. 1977. Sociological carrying capacity and the last settler syndrome. Pacific Sociological Review. 20(4): 568 -581. Puttkammer, Annette. 2001. Linking wilderness research and management volume 3. Recreation fees in wilderness and other public lands: an annotated reading list. (Wright, Vita, series ed.) Gen. Tech. Rep. DRAF i Report June 2010 Page 142 RMRS- GTR- 79 -VOL 3. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 29 p. Roggenbuck, J W.; Williams, D R.; Bange, S P.; Dean, D J. 1991. River float trip encounter norms: questioning the use of the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research. 23(3): 133 -153. Roggenbuck, J. W. (1992). Use of persuasion to reduce resource impacts and visitor conflicts. In Manfredo, M. J. (Editor). Influencing human behavior: Theory and applications in recreation tourism, and natural resources management. Champaign, Illinois: Sagamore Publishing. Shelby, B. 1980. Contrasting recreation experiences: Motors and oars in the Grand Canyon. Journal of Soil Water Conservation 35(3):129 -130 Shelby, B. Whittaker, D. 2004. River running in the Grand Canyon: Current situation and social impacts of alternatives. Technical memorandum for inclusion in Administrative Draft of the Colorado River Management Plan Environmental Impact Statement. National Park Service. March. 160 pages. Shelby, B. 1981. Encounter norms in backcountry settings: Studies of three rivers. J. Leis. Res. 13(2):129 138. Shelby, B. and J.M. Nielsen. 1976. Use levels and Crowding in Grand Canyon. Colorado River Research Technical Report /12, Grand Canyon National Parlc, Arizona. Shelby, B. and R. Colvin. 1982. Encounter measures in carrying capacity research. J. Leis. Res., 14(4):350 360. Shelby, 13., Vaske, J. J. 1991. Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: A comment on three recent papers. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 173 -187. Shelby, B., D. Whittaker, R. Speaker and E.E. Starkey. 1987. Social and ecological impacts of recreation use on the Deschutes River. Oregon State Parks Division, Salem. Shelby, B., N. Bregenzer, and R. Johnson. 1988. Displacement and product shift: Empirical evidence from Oregon rivers. Journal of Leisure Research 20(4):274 -288. Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P. 1996, Norms, standards, and natural resources. Leisure Sciences, 18, 103 -123. Shelby, 13. Heberlein, T. A. 1986. Carrying capacity in recreation settings. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. 164 p. Shelby, Bo; Vaske, Jerry J.; Heberlein, Thomas A. 1989. Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: results from fifteen years of research. Leisure Sciences. 11: 269 -291. Shindler, B. and 13. Shelby. 1995. Product shift in recreation settings: findings and implications from panel research. Leisure Sciences 17(2):91 -107. Spangler, Brad. 2003. Integrative or Interest -Based Bargaining. Beyond Intractability. Editors: Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Conflict Research Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Posted: June. DRAFT Report .faarie 2010 Page 143 Stankey, G. H., Cole, D. N., Lucas, R. C., Petersen, M. E., Frissell, S. S. 1985. The limits of acceptable change (LAC) system for wilderness planning (Report INT -176). Ogden, Utah: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Vaske, J. J. 2008. Survey research and analysis: Applications in parks, recreation, and human dimensions. Venture Publishing. State College, PA. Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P. 2002_ Generalizing the encounter —norm crowding relationship. Leisure Sciences, 24, 255 -269. Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P., Heberlein, T. A. 1980. Perceptions of crowding and resource quality by early and more recent visitors. Leisure Sciences, 3(4), 367 -381. Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P., Shelby, B. 1993. Establishing management standards: Selected examples of the normative approach. Environmental Management, 17(5), 629 -643. Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P., Heberlein, T. A., Shelby, B. B. 1982. Differences in reported satisfaction ratings by consumptive and non consumptive recreationists. Journal of Leisure Research, 14(3), 195 -206. Vaske, .1., M. Donnelly, and D. Whittaker. 2000. Tourism, National Parks, and Impact Management. In Tourism and National Parks: Issues and Implications. Butler, R. W S. W Boyd (Ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Ltd: New York. Watson, A. E. 1995. An analysis of recent progress in recreation conflict research and perceptions of future challenges and opportunities. Leisure Sciences, 17, 235 -238. Watson, A. E., Williams, D. R., Daigle, J. J. 1991. Sources of conflict between hikers and mountain bike riders in the Rattlesnake NRA. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 9, 59 -71. Whittaker, D. 1990. Sustina Basin Recreation Rivers: "White Papers" on critical planning issues. Anchorage, AK: National Park Service, RTCA report. 62 pp. Whittaker, D. 1993. Selecting indicators: Which impacts matter more? In Defining wilderness quality: The role of standards in wilderness management. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station General Technical Report No. PNW- GTR -305: 13 -22. Portland, Oregon. Whittaker, D. 2004. Situk River User Survey: Supplemental Analyses and Findings. Report to Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute for inclusion in summary report of 2003 recreation visitor survey. May. Whittaker, D. 1996. Kanektok, Goodnews, and Togiak Rivers: User Survey Findings and Implications. Dillingham, AK: US Fish and Wildlife Service. 48 pp. Whittaker, D. and B. Shelby. 1988. Types of norms for recreation impacts: Extending the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research 20(4):261 -273. Whittaker, D. and B. Shelby. 1993. Kenai River carrying capacity study: findings and implications for management. Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Anchorage. DRAFT Report June 28110 Page 144 and• l llcabons Whittaker, D. and Shelby, B. 2006. User survey on Delta National Wild and Scenic River. Report to BLM. Anchorage, AK. May. Whittaker, D. and Shelby, B. 2007. Allocation river use: A guide for river professionals. River Management Society. Whittaker, D., Shelby, B. 1996. Norms in high density settings: Results from several Alaskan rivers. Paper presented at the 6 1 International Symposium on Society and Resource Management. The Pennsylvania State University, May. Whittaker, D., Vaske, J., and Willams, T. 2000. 1999 On -river user survey for the Gulkana River, Alaska, Bureau of Land Management. September. Report June 2010 Page 145 ITEM A: CALL TO ORDER ACTION AGENDA KENAI CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING SEPTEMBER 1, 2010 7:00 P.M. KENAI CITY COUNCIL CHAMBERS http: /www.ci.kenai.ak.us 1. Pledge of Allegiance 2. Roll Call 3. Agenda Approval 4. Consent Agenda (Public comment limited to 3 minutes per speaker. Persons may give their time over to another speaker present, however no single speaker present may speak for more than 30 minutes combined on their own and on others' behalf.) *All items listed with an asterisk are considered to be routine and non- controversial by the council and will be approved by one motion. There will be no separate discussion of these items unless a council member so requests, in which case the item will be removed from the consent agenda and considered in its normal sequence on the agenda as part of the General Orders. ITEM B: SCHEDULED PUBLIC COMMENTS (Public comment limited to 10 minutes per speaker) ITEM D: Richard Gentges, Cook Inlet Natural Gas Storage Alaska, LLC (CINGSA) Storage Facility Project. ITEM C: UNSCHEDULED PUBLIC COMMENTS (Public comment limited to 3 minutes per speaker) PUBLIC HEARINGS (Testimony limited to 3 minutes per speaker. Persons may give their time over to another speaker present, however no single speaker present may speak for more than 30 minutes combined on their own and on others' behalf.) POSTPONED /SEPTEMBER 15, 2010. Ordinance No. 2497 -2010 Amending KMC Chapter 1.10 Entitled "The Council," in Its Entirety and Specifically Addressing the Procedures for Special meetings of the City Council and Making Technical Corrections. (At its July 21, 2010 meeting, the City Council substituted Ordinance No. 2497 -2010 and subsequently postponed it to the September 1, 2010 Council Meeting. There is a motion to adopt active and on the floor.) 2. PASSED UNANIMOUSLY. Ordinance No. 2509 -2010 Amending the Official Kenai Zoning Map by Rezoning Southeast 1 /4 Southeast 1/4 Section 4, Township 5 North, Range 11 West, Seward Meridian (SE 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec. 4, T5N, R1 S.M.) from Rural Residential (RR) to Heavy Industrial (IH). 3. PASSED UNANIMOUSLY. Ordinance No. 2510 -2010 Increasing Estimated Revenues and Appropriations in the Airport Improvement Capital Project Fund for Phase 1 of the Float Plane Basin Development. 4. PASSED. Ordinance No. 2511 -2010 Increasing Estimated Revenues and Appropriations in the Congregate Housing Improvements Capital Project Fund for Replacement of the Facility's Siding. 5. PASSED UNANIMOUSLY. Resolution No. 2010 -50 Approving a Contract to Hattenburg Dilley Linnell, LLC (HDL, LLC) for Kenai Water Treatment Plant Design Services for the Total Amount of S452,660. 6. PASSED UNANIMOUSLY. Resolution No. 2010 -51 Approving a Contract to Wince Corthell- Bryson Consulting Engineers for Phase One Kenai Float Plane Basin Development Project for the Total Amount of 5 146,000.00. 7. PASSED UNANIMOUSLY. Resolution No. 2010 -52 Naming a Portion of Lot A, 1 -A Barron Park Subdivision Fire Addition, Daubenspeck Family Park. ITEM E: MINUTES 1. APPROVED. *Regular Meeting of August 18, 2010. ITEM F: UNFINISHED BUSINESS ITEM G: NEW BUSINESS 1. APPROVED. Ratification of Bills 2. APPROVED. Approval of Purchase Orders Exceeding $15,000 3. INTRODUCED /CONSENT AGENDA. *Ordinance No. 2512 -2010 Increasing Estimated Revenues and Appropriations by $182,406.00 and Authorizing the Hiring of Three Additional Fire Fighters. 4. AMENDED /APPROVED. Action /Approval Kenai City Council Student Representative Policy /Suggested Amendments 5. APPROVED. Action /Approval October 5, 2010 City of Kenai General Election /Election Boards for Precincts 1, 2, and 3. 6. EXECUTIVE SESSION. Discussion Kenai Municipal Airport /Dock Fuel Supplier Jackson Enterprises, Inc. ITEM H: COMMISSION/ COMMITTEE REPORTS 1. Council on Aging 2. Airport Commission 3. Harbor Commission 4. Library Commission 5. Parks Recreation Commission 6. Planning Zoning Commission 7. Miscellaneous Commissions and Committees a. Beautification Committee b. Alaska Municipal League Report c. Mini -Grant Steering Committee d. Kenai Convention Visitors Bureau e. Reports of KPB Assembly, Legislators and Councils ITEM I: REPORT OF THE MAYOR ITEM J: ADMINISTRATION REPORTS 1. City Manager 2. Attorney 3. City Clerk ITEM K: ADDITIONAL PUBLIC COMMENT 1. Citizen Comments (Public comment limited to 5 minutes per speaker) 2. Council Member Comments EXECUTIVE SESSION 1) A matter, the immediate knowledge of which would dearly have an adverse effect upon the finances of the City of Kenai /Jackson Enterprises Fuel Supply Contract. 2) A matter, the immediate knowledge of which would clearly have an adverse effect upon the finances of the City of Kenai /Cook Inlet Natural Gas Storage (CINGS) Project. 1) Release of Claims ratified by Council. 2) Direction given to City Manager for additional negotiation. ITEM L: PENDING LEGISLATION (This item lists legislation which will be addressed at a later date as noted.) ITEM M: ADJOURNMENT ITEM A: CALL TO ORDER ACTION AGENDA KENAI CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING SEPTEMBER 15, 2010 7:00 P.M. KENAI CITY COUNCIL CHAMBERS http: www. ci.kenai.ak.us 1. Pledge of Allegiance 2. Roll Call 3. Agenda Approval 4. Consent Agenda (Public comment limited to 3 minutes per speaker. Persons may give their time over to another speaker present, however no single speaker present may speak for more than 30 minutes combined on their own and on others' behalf *All items listed with an asterisk are considered to be routine and non- controversial by the council and will be approved by one motion. There will be no separate discussion of these items unless a council member so requests, in which case the item will be removed from the consent agenda and considered in its normal sequence on the agenda as part of the General Orders. ITEM B: SCHEDULED PUBLIC COMMENTS (Public comment limited to 10 minutes per speaker) Colleen Ward /Neighbors /Friends Conditional Use Permits. 2. Colleen Ward /Neighbors /Friends Land Use Tables Including Alternatives to Rural Residential 1 (RR -1) Zone /MAPS Neighborhood. ITEM C: UNSCHEDULED PUBLIC COMMENTS (Public comment limited to 3 minutes per speaker) ITEM D: PUBLIC HEARINGS (Testimony limited to 3 minutes per speaker. Persons may give their time over to another speaker present, however no single speaker present may speak for more than 30 minutes combined on their own and on others' behalf) 1. Ordinance No. 2497 -2010 Amending KMC Chapter 1.10 Entitled "The Council," in Its Entirety and Specifically Addressing the Procedures for Special meetings of the City Council and Making Technical Corrections. (At its July 21, 2010 meeting, the City Council substituted Ordinance No. 2497 -2010 and subsequently postponed it to the September 1, 2010 and then to the September 15, 2010 Council Meeting. The motion to adopt is active and on the floor.) a. PASSED UNANIMOUSLY. Substitute Ordinance No. 2497 -2010 Amending KMC Chapter 1.10 Entitled The Council," in Its 2. PASSED UNANIMOUSLY. Ordinance No. 2512 -2010 Increasing Estimated Revenues and Appropriations by S 182,406.00 and Authorizing the Hiring of Three Additional Fire Fighters. Entirety and Specifically Addressing the Procedures for Special meetings of the City Council and Making Technical Corrections. 3. PASSED UNANIMOUSLY. Resolution No. 2010 -53 Supporting the Initiation of a Public Ferry Transportation Service Between Anchorage and the City of Kenai. ITEM E: MINUTES 1. APPROVED /CONSENT AGENDA. *Regular Meeting of September 1, 2010. 2. APPROVED /CONSENT AGENDA. *August 23, 2010 Board of Adjustment Hearing Notes. ITEM F: UNFINISHED BUSINESS ITEM G: NEW BUSINESS 1. APPROVED. Ratification of Bills 2. APPROVED. Approval of Purchase Orders Exceeding $15,000 3. INTRODUCED /CONSENT AGENDA. *Ordinance No. 2513 -2010 Increasing Estimated Revenues and Appropriations by S3,300 in the General Fund for Police Forensic Equipment Reimbursements From Internet Crimes Against Children (ICAC). 4. APPROVED. Discussion Sponsorship of Brown Bear Hockey Team Member (5250 /one -time donation) 5. SEPTEMBER 28, 2010/6:00 P.M. (CAPITAL PROJECT LIST). Discussion Schedule Work Session /Capital Project List and Legislators ITEM H: COMMISSION /COMMITTEE REPORTS 1. Council on Aging 2. Airport Commission 3. Harbor Commission 4. Library Commission 5. Parks Recreation Commission 6. Planning Zoning Commission 7. Miscellaneous Commissions and Committees a. Beautification Committee b. Alaska Municipal League Report c. Mini -Grant Steering Committee ITEM I: REPORT OF THE MAYOR ITEM J: ADMINISTRATION REPORTS 1. City Manager 2. Attorney 3. City Clerk ITEM K: ADDITIONAL PUBLIC COMMENT ITEM L: ITEM M: d. Kenai Convention ez Visitors Bureau e. Reports of KPB Assembly, Legislators and Councils 1. Citizen Comments (Public comment limited to 5 minutes per speaker) 2. Council Member Comments EXECUTIVE SESSION A matter, the immediate knowledge of which would clearly have an adverse effect upon the finances of the City of Kenai /Cook Inlet Natural Gas Storage Alaska, LLC (CINGSA) Project. Report: The Council met in an executive session to discuss several issues and gave direction to the City Manager and the City Attorney regarding pursuing access to the KU13A well for the City's rights as a lessor of property leased to Vince Goddard of Inlet Fisheries. PENDING LEGISLATION (This item lists legislation which will be addressed at a later date as noted.) ADJOURNMENT