HomeMy WebLinkAbout2011-02-23 Planning & Zoning Packet - Work SessionFebruary 23, 2011
6:00 7:00 P.M.
WORKSESSION
OUTDOOR WOODBURNING
BOILERS
Outdoor Wood Burning Boilers (OWB's)
Work Session
February 23, 2011 6 p.m.
Agenda
1. Why is the Commission discussing OWB's?
2. What are OWB's?
a. Discuss definition.
b. Does the Commission accept/revise this definition?
1
3. OWB's An Introduction (Johnson Issod) 3
4. How do other communities regulate OWB's?
a. Fairbanks North Star Borough Code 7
b. Wisconsin Department of Health Services 17
5. EPA information
a. Burn Wise 21
b. Health Effects of Wood Smoke 22
c. Installation Maintenance 27
6. Alaska Warm Wood
a. Outdoor Wood Furnace Best Burn Practices (HPBA) 28
7. What next? Does the Commission want to propose an Ordinance to
regulate OWB's? (Work Sheet) 29
KENAI; ALASKA
MEMO:
What is an Outdoor Wood Boiler (OWB)?
Fairbanks North Star Borough, Chapter 8.21 PM 2.5 Air Quality Control Program
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210 Fidalgo Avenue, Kenai, Alaska 99611 -7794 1 p
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Telephone: 907- 283 -75351 FAX: 907 283 -3014
7992
TO: Planning Zoning Commission
THRU: Marilyn Kebschull, Planning Administration
FROM: Nancy Carver, Planning Assistant
DATE: February 14, 2011
SUBJECT: Outdoor Wood Boilers (OWB's)
At the January 26, 2011, Planning Zoning meeting, the Commission scheduled
a work session to discuss Outdoor Wood Boilers (OWB's) and whether or not an
ordinance should be considered to regulate OWB's in the City Kenai.
"Outdoor Wood -Fired Boiler" (a.k.a., OWB, outdoor wood -fired hydronic
heater or outdoor wood furnace) means a fuel burning device: (1)
designed to burn primarily wood; (2) that the manufacturer specifies
should or may be installed outdoors or in structures not normally
occupied by humans, such as attached or detached garages or sheds;
and, (3) which heats spaces or water by the distribution through pipes of a
fluid heated in the device, typically water or a mixture of water and
antifreeze. In addition, as used in subsection (c) of this section
only, this term also means any wood -fired boiler that, after October 1,
2009, is actually installed outdoors or in structures not normally
occupied by humans, such as attached or detached garages or sheds,
regardless of whether such use has been specified by the manufacturer.'
For background, the Council and Commission were addressed by Carol Unger a
resident of Woodland Subdivision regarding the possible installtion of an OWB
and discovering that no building or zoning permits were required by the City.
1
On January 26, 2011, Ms. Unger addressed the Planning Zoning Commission
about her concerns relating to of OWB's in residential zones. She recommended
you consider an ordinance that would regulate OWB's including the following:
OWB's should not be installed any closer to a neighbor's residence than
300 -500 ft.
Smoke stacks should be at least 15' high, and 2' higher than roofs of
nearby buildings.
Require annual permitting of OWBs by the local fire chief.
Require minimum lot size of 80,000 sq. ft.
Restrict fuel burning.
The Fairbanks North Star Borough Code for OWBs includes the following:
Definitions
Nonattainment area (area depicted where not permitted at all)
Appliances included (i.e., wood stoves, coal stoves etc.)
Appliances excluded (Le., cook stoves, fireplaces etc.)
Installation Requirements
o Setbacks
o Lot size
o Stack Height
o EPA Certified
Prohibited Fuels wood that does not meet clean wood definition, such as,
garbage, manure, plywood, chemicals, tires etc.
2
Outdoor Wood Boilers OWB An Introduction.
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ARTICLES Wood Outdoor Wood Boilers OWB An Introduction
Written by Eric Johnson and Craig _Issod
Outdoor Wood Boilers, also called OWBs or Outdoor Wood Burners, consist ofa firebox surrounded by a water
jacket and a control. system all housed in an insulated, steel- sided enclosure with a roof. Hot water is circulated
through insulated, underground piping between the boiler and the house. OWBs have become very popular in
many rural areas attic United States, with substantial sales in the Northeast and Midwest, where hardwood is
plentiful and winters are long and cold.
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(surrounds Water Jacket)
OWB Typical Setup
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Page 1 of 5
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Although typically referred to as "boilers," OWBs are not boilers in the traditional sense. In a conventional
indoor boiler (oil, gas, wood or coal hydronic heater), water is heated in a pressurized- vessel and then circulated
through the heating system. In an OWB, the water is open to the atmosphere and thus, not pressurized. This
allows the OWB to be built to different standards than a traditional indoor boiler, and makes it exempt from
some of the regulations that apply to pressurized heating appliances.
There are pros and cons to consider when shopping for an OWB. One of the advantages of open systems is that
they are safer than pressurized boilers. And because they're usually sited away from the house and other
buildings on the property, they dont affect your homeowners insurance rates. All the creosote, smoke, ash, wood
storage, etc. are outside of the house as well, which is appealing to many people familiar with wood stoves. And
they can burn much bigger pieces of wood than a stove.
http: /www. hearth. conilecontent lindex.php /articles!t rb 2/9/2011
Outdoor Wood Boilers OWB oduction Page 2 of 5
improper burning in an OWB
On the down side, open systems are prone to corrosion and the accumulation of debris in the system, which can
be a maintenance concern. Overall system efficiency is a problem with OW)3s as well, since it is virtually
impossible to efficiently bum wood in a firebox surrounded by water, The result is smoke, which is basically
unused potential heat going up the stack and polluting the air. Lower efficiency translates into more wood
burned roughly twice as mueli as a modern wood gasification boiler.
An OWB can be tied into either a hot water (hydronic) or hot air (furnace) system. This is done by piping the
hot water from the OW13 into the house and transferring the heat into the existing system using a heat
exchanger. In a home with a hot water heating system, the heat exchanger is usually a stainless steel and copper
device known as a flat plate heat exchanger. to the case of a hot air furnace, it is a copper Coil located in the
furnace bonnet through which the hot water circulates. The furnace fan then blows air across the coil, heating it
and distributing it into the house.
Most OWBs have very large fireboxes, often ten times larger (12 to 40 cubic feet) than the firebox found in a
traditional wood stove. This snakes them best suited for large heating loads or multiple buildings. However,
using such a large firebox to heat most homes is overkill, since the boiler quickly satisfies the heat load and then
spends the rest of the time idling. Idling results in lower efficiencies and the production of more smoke and
pollutants than when the boiler is running under a load.
Such large fireboxes, together with improper burning techniques, have resulted in numerous complaints about
OWB smoke and smell. Some states and localities have either regulated or banned them, and many others are
planning similar restrictions. It is important, therefore, fbr people considering an OWB to research existing and
pending regulations in their area before buying one. ]Don't count on a dealer to give you accurate information
about regulations- either current err proposed or you could wind up owning a boiler that is illegal to use.
Beginning in 2007, some new OWl3s were introduced with advanced combustion designs that pass a new
voluntary EPA (Orange Tag) standard for outdoor units. If they perform as well in the field as they have in the
testing labs, these new boilers will provide many benefits over the older technology, including more heat for less
wood and less smoke and pollutants. In addition, the newer EPA-compliant units are likely to be exempt from
the state and local bans currently being implemented.
littp: /iwww. hearth. torsi /econtentlindex.php /articles /ciwb 2/9/2011
Outdoor Wood Boilers OW13 A.n Introduction
Greenwood Aspen EPA Approved 0W11
Page 3of5
Note that there are also some "hybrid" gasification boilers entering the market now (2008) which are basically
indoor boilers housed in a shed and adapted for outdoor use. These are typically pressurized units which have
smaller (5 -10 cubic foot) fireboxes than traditional OW13s.
If you decide to buy an OWB, it is important to follow common sense wood burning wisdom such as:
1. Burn seasoned wood only: Green and wet wood will give you MUCH less heat, regardless of what the
salesman tells you!
2. Do not bum trash, tires, plastics, etc. Doing so will not only pollute your neighborhood and the environment,
but it may corrode the steel firebox of your boiler.
3. Raise the chimney for best operation: many OWB:is allow for installation of a taller stack (chimney) than the
short stub that comes from the factory. Extending the chimney will result in better operation and help dissipate
any smoke.
4. Do not use year round: Smoldering your wood in the spring and fall will cause excess smoke, low efficiency
and may contribute to a shorter life of the steel in your boilers firebox.
5. Learn and follow both the manufacturers instructions and local codes pertaining to setback from property
lines, distance to house, chimney height and other criteria for proper installation.
As with any wood burner, it is important to consider your wood supply before deciding on a. particular
appliance. An 0W13 with a large firebox will require copious amounts of firewood, often from 8 to 14 hull cords
per year, snaking them most suitable for folks with access to their own woodlots.
There are many manufacturers ofOWBs, including both regional and national brands, 13e certain to research the
eskers ot'any OW13s you may be considering to determine their reputation as well as the longevity and
durability of their products. An OWB is a substantial investment and your unit should be built to last for at least
15 -20 years.
http://www.hearth.condecontent/index.php/artieles/Pwb 2/9/2011
tlutctoor Wood Boilers let s U W13 An introduction
OUTDOOR WOOD -FIRED HEATERS
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EPA Hang Tag for OW/3
With the new breed of efficient C)WBs entering the marketplace, this tried and true approach to heating with
wood is sure to remain popular among farmers, large landowners and other rural residents. With proper design,
installation, fueling and operation, the new EPA OWBs can provide a clean way of heating with locally
harvested firewood.
Links:
hup://www.vtwoodsmokc. State of V"1 Outdoor Wood Boiler ban info
http: /www.cpa.gov /owhhi EPA site detailing voluntary clean burn information for OWBs
Please rate this article by clicking once on the Like or Dislike box below:
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Article Originally Posted 13y: Webmaster On 06 /11/2008 at 09:21
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Chapter 8.21 PM2.5 AIR QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM Page 1 of 10
r bceil..Ks A(or4-h t Ja C ou -L
Chapter 8.21
PM2.5 AIR QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM
Sections:
8.21.010 Definitions.
8.21.020 Prohibited acts and requirements.
8.21.030 Voluntary removal, replacement, or repair program.
8.21.040 Forecasting exceedances and voluntary restrictions in the nonattainment
area during an alert.
8.21.050 Voluntary emissions standard and educational program.
8.21.010 Definitions.
in this chapter, the following definitions apply:
"Alert" means a notice issued by the FNSB air quality division when the division
determines, using available data, that a violation of the 35 micrograms per cubic meter
will likely occur.
"Appliance" means a device or apparatus that is manufactured and designed to utilize
energy and which does not require a stationary source air quality permit from the state of
Alaska under 18 AAC 50.
"Clean wood" means natural wood that has not been painted, varnished, or coated with a
similar material, has not been treated with preservatives, and does not contain resins or
glues as in plywood or other composite wood products.
"Construction and demolition debris" means a conglomeration of materials from
construction, repair, remodeling or demolition of buildings and structures containing any
prohibited fuel.
"Cook stove" means a wood burning appliance that is designed primarily for cooking food
and that has the following characteristics:
1. An oven, with a volume of 0.028 cubic meters (one cubic foot) or greater, and an
oven rack;
2. A device for measuring oven temperatures;
3. A flame path that is routed around the oven;
4. A shaker grate;
5. An ash pan;
6. An ash clean -out door below the oven; and
7. The absence of a fan or heat channels to dissipate heat from the device.
"Division" means the Fairbanks North Star Borough air quality division.
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Chapter 8.21 PM2.5 AIR QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM Page 2 of 10
"Episode" means when conditions reach alert status.
"Fireplace" means an assembly consisting of a hearth and open fire chamber of
noncombustible factory -built or masonry materials and provided with a chimney, for use
with solid fuels which cannot be operated with an air to fuel ratio of less than 35 to one.
"Forecast" means a description of the current dispersion conditions described as good,
fair, or poor and including the expected PM2.5 concentrations expressed in micrograms
per cubic meter.
"Home heating device" means any device designed to produce heat by burning gaseous,
non gaseous, liquid, or non liquid fuels, for use inside a privately owned structure.
This definition includes, but is not limited to: oil furnaces, gas furnaces, wood stoves, coal
stoves, wood -fired hydronic heaters, wood -fired furnaces, coal -fired hydronic heaters,
coal -fired furnaces, masonry heaters, pellet stoves, cook stoves, and fireplaces.
"Hydronic" means having to do with a system moving heat from one location to another
by means of the circulation of a heat transfer liquid through piping or tubing.
"Hydronic heater" means a fuel burning appliance designed to (1) burn wood or other
solid fuels and (2) heat building space and /or domestic hot water via the distribution,
typically through pipes, of a fluid heated in the appliance.
"Masonry heater" means a wood burning appliance that complies with the guidelines of
ASTM E1602 -08, Standard Guide for Construction of Masonry Heaters, and:
1. Is designed and intended for operation only in a closed combustion chamber
configuration; and
2. Has enough thermal storage capacity to maintain no less than 50.0 percent of the
maximum masonry-mass temperature for at least four hours after the maximum
masonry -mass temperature has been reached.
"Nonattainment area" is the area depicted on the map attached to the ordinance codified
in this chapter and is further defined as follows:
Township Range Delineated Boundary for the Fairbanks Nonattainment Area
MTRS F001 N001 All Sections, MTRS F001 N001 E Sections 2 -11, 14 -23,
26 -34, MTRS F001 N002 Sections 1 -5, 8 -17, 20 -29, 32 -36, MTRS
F001 5001 E Sections 1, 3 -30, 32 -36, MTRS F0015001 W Sections 1 -30,
MTRS F0015002E Sections 6 -8, 17 -20, 29 -36, MTRS F001 S002W
Sections 1 -5, 8 -17, 20 -29, 32 -33, MTRS F001 5003E Sections 31 -32, MTRS
F002N001 E Sections 31 -35, MTRS F002N001 Sections 28, 31 -36, MTRS
F002N002 Sections 32 -33, 36, MTRS F002S001 E Sections 1 -2, MTRS
F002S002E Sections 1 -17, 21 -24, MTRS F002S003E Sections 5 -8, 18.
8
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Chapter 8.21 PM2.5 AIR QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM Page 3 of 10
"Opacity" means the reduction in transmitted Tight through a column of smoke as
measured by an observer certified in using the EPA Reference Method 9 as defined in
federal law.
"Particulate matter" or "PM" means total particulate matter including PM10 and PM2.5
(condensable and noncondensable fraction) and is a complex airborne mixture of
extremely small particles and liquid droplets that are made up of a number of
components, including acids, organic chemicals, metals, soil, or dust.
"Pellet fuel burning appliance" means a closed combustion, vented pellet- burning
appliance with automatic components creating an active air flow system, sold with the
hopper and auger combination as integral parts, and designed, warranted, safety listed,
and advertised by the manufacturer specifically to be fueled by pellets of sawdust, wood
products and other biomass materials while prohibiting the use of cordwood.
"PM2.5" means particulate matter comprised of particles that have diameters of two and
one -half microns or less.
"Sale" means the transfer of ownership or control.
"Solid fuel burning appliance" means any appliance, unless specifically excluded from
this definition, designed to produce heat by burning nongaseous and nonliquid fuels. This
definition includes, but is not limited to:
1. Wood stoves;
2. Coal stoves;
3. Wood -fired hydronic heaters;
4. Wood -fired furnaces;
5. Coal -fired hydronic heaters; and
6. Coal -fired furnaces.
The following appliances are specifically excluded from this definition:
1. Masonry heaters;
2. Pellet fuel burning appliances;
3. Cook stoves; and
4. Fireplaces. (Ord. 2011 -03 2, 2011; amended by citizen initiative 10/28/10; Ord.
2010 -28 2, 2010)
8.21.020 Prohibited acts and requirements.
A. Emissions Limit in the Nonattainment Area.
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Chapter 8.21 PM2.5 AIR QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM Page 4 of 10
1. No person shall install or allow the installation, within the nonattainment area, of a
solid fuel burning appliance unless it is listed by the borough as qualifying under this
chapter and the installation complies with all other requirements imposed in this
chapter. It shall be unlawful to install or fail to remove a solid fuel burning appliance
installed in violation of this section. The appliance shall be so listed by the borough
if:
a. The appliance is certified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as
meeting the federal emissions limit standard appropriate for that appliance or in
the case of hydronic heaters are at least phase II qualified. For purposes of this
subsection, "certified" means that the solid fuel appliance meets emission
performance standards when tested by an accredited independent laboratory
and labeled according to procedures specified by the EPA in 40 CFR 60
Subpart AAA; or
b. The appliance is tested by an accredited independent laboratory, or other
qualified person or entity approved by the borough, establishing that it meets
the EPA emissions limit standard appropriate for that appliance.
2. This section becomes effective 30 days following adoption of the ordinance
codified in this chapter.
B. Borough -Wide Installation Requirements for Hydronic Heaters.
1, Setback. No person shall install or allow the installation of a hydronic heater
located less than 50 feet from an adjacent property line and 70 feet from any
habitable structure that it is not serving at the time of installation, unless that
property or habitable structure is under common ownership or the person receives a
variance from the air pollution control commission.
2. Lot Size. No person shall install or allow the installation of a hydronic heater on
lots less than 80,000 square feet unless the person receives a variance from the air
pollution control commission.
3. Stack Height. No person shall install or allow the installation of a hydronic heater
that does not have an attached permanent stack extending two feet higher than the
roof line of any then- existing residence or other habitable structure located within
140 feet of the hydronic heater unless the person receives a variance from the air
pollution control commission.
4. Any hydronic heaters installed in violation of this section shall be immediately
remedied or made inoperable and removed as soon as practicable.
C. Prohibited Fuels in the Nonattainment Area. No person shall burn in the nonattainment
area any of the following items in a solid fuel burning appliance or pellet stove:
1. Any wood that does not meet the definition of clean wood and, after September 1,
2011, has more than 20 percent moisture content;
2. Garbage;
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Chapter 8.21 PM2.5 AIR QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM Page 5 of 10
3. Tires;
4. Materials containing plastic or rubber;
5. Waste petroleum products;
6. Paints and paint thinners;
7. Chemicals;
8. Construction and demolition debris;
9. Plywood;
10. Particleboard;
11. Saltwater driftwood;
12. Manure;
13. Animal carcasses;
14. Asphalt products.
D. Commercial Sales of Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.
1. No person shall sell or lease a solid fuel burning appliance in the borough that
does not meet the emissions limits established in subsection (A) of this section
unless the buyer signs an affidavit, on a form prescribed by the borough, that the
appliance will not be installed in the nonattainment area.
2. No person shall commercially sell or offer for sale or lease a solid fuel burning
appliance in the borough unless the commercial seller or dealer provides the
prospective buyer or lessee, prior to any sales or lease agreement, with a written
notice, prepared or approved by the division, that includes, but is not limited to, the
following:
a. The emission limits and standards imposed in this chapter;
b. The fuel restrictions imposed in this chapter;
c. Proper installation, property location, operation, and maintenance of the
appliance;
d. Responsibility to operate in a manner so as not to cause a nuisance
condition;
e. An advisory statement noting that installation of solid fuel burning appliances
may not be appropriate in some areas due to terrain, meteorological conditions,
or other relevant conditions that render the operation of the appliance a public
nuisance or health hazard even though it is otherwise legally installed and
operated; and
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Chapter 8.21 PM2.5 AIR QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM Page 6 of 10
f. Voluntary participation in the borough's educational program. Those providing
appropriate contact information will be given the opportunity to sign up for a
variety of solid fuel burning educational programs offered by the borough.
3. The written notice required in this section shall be signed and dated by the
prospective buyer or lessee prior to purchase or lease to indicate receipt of the
notification requirements of this section.
4. The commercial dealer or seller shall mail or otherwise provide a copy of the
notice, any required affidavit, and the voluntary educational sign -up form (if
completed by the purchaser and given to the seller or dealer) to the division within
30 days of the sale. All commercial dealers or sellers shall also include with the
notice documentation showing whether the appliance sold or leased meets the
borough's emissions standard.
5. This section becomes effective 30 days following adoption of the ordinance
codified in this chapter.
E. Nuisance. No person shall cause or allow emissions of a solid fuel burning appliance
that are injurious to human life or to property or that unreasonably interfere with the
comfortable enjoyment of life or property. No person shall operate a solid fuel burning
appliance in a manner so as to create a public or private nuisance. A violation of a
provision of this chapter is hereby declared to be a nuisance.
F. Other Laws. Nothing in this code precludes other local jurisdictions from having more
restrictive codes.
G. The borough shall not ban, prohibit, or fine residents for the use of home heating
devices. (Ord. 2011 -03 3 7, 2011; amended by citizen initiative 10/28/10; Ord. 2010-
28 2, 2010)
8.21.030 Voluntary removal, replacement, or repair program.
The Fairbanks North Star Borough shall, to the extent funds are available and
appropriated by the assembly, offer a removal program to provide payment for the
removal of a solid fuel burning device and a replacement or repair program to help offset
the costs of replacing or repairing a solid fuel burning appliance. This program shall be
subject to the following eligibility requirements, conditions, and criteria:
A. General Requirements.
1. Application. An application approved by the division must be submitted along with
any documentation required by the division. The application for the replacement
program shall include a signed, recordable document restricting future installations
for 10 years of nonqualifying solid fuel burning appliances and requiring appropriate
notice in a seller's disclosure statement. The application for the removal program
shall include a signed, recordable document restricting future installations for 10
years of solid fuel burning appliances and requiring appropriate notice in a seller's
disclosure statement.
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Fiscal
Year
Total
Cash
Payment
Municipal
Tax Credit
7/1/10
$2,500
$1,000
2 years at
6/30/11
$750.00 /yr
711 /11
$2,000
$1,000
2 years at
6/30/12
$500.00/yr
Fiscal
Year
Total
Cash
Payment
Municipal
Tax Credit
7/1/10
$2,500
$1,000
2 years at
6/30/11
$750.001yr
7/1/11
$1,500
$500.00
2 years at
6/30/12
$500.00/yr
Fiscal
Year
Total
Cash
Payment
Municipal
Tax Credit
7/1/10
$7,500
$6,000
2 years at
6/30/11
$750.00/yr
7/1/11
$4,500
$3,000
2 years at
6/30/12
$750.00 /yr
Chapter 8.21 PM2.5 AIR QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM Page 7 of 10
2. Priority Ranking. Applications shall be prioritized by the division which shall
prioritize applications based on geographical location, type of program being
utilized, and the type of solid fuel burning appliance being removed, replaced, or
repaired. Rescoring may occur every 90 days until the funds appropriated for the
program have been expended.
3. Eligibility. The program is limited to legally installed appliances in a homeowner's
primary residence located in the nonattainment area. If an application receives a
priority score sufficient to qualify for a program, the applicant will be given up to 90
days to meet all of the requirements for the type of program selected. Applicants
must have no delinquent property tax or penalty or interest owing at the time of
application.
4. Payments and Tax Credits. Applicants for the removal and replacement programs
will be eligible for cash payments and tax credits, or cash payments only, depending
on when they apply and the type of program utilized. Payments and/or tax credits
shall be available as follows:
a. Removal of Hydronic Heaters.
b. Removal of All Other Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.
c. Replacement of Hydronic Heaters.
13
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Fiscal
Year
Total
Appliance
Replacement
Cash
Payment
Chimney
Replacement
Cash
Payment
7/1/10
6/30/11
$2,500
$1,500
$1,000
7/1/11
6/30/12
$2,000
$1,000
$1,000
Chapter 8.21 PM2.5 AIR QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM Page 8 of 10
d. Replacement of All Other Solid Fuel Burning Appliances and Any Necessary
Chimney Replacement.
B. Voluntary Removal Program. The voluntary removal program will provide payment for
the removal of a solid fuel burning appliance so that the property would be heated by an
acceptable alternative as determined by the division and which must, at a minimum, not
fall within the definition of a solid fuel burning appliance. In addition to the general
requirements set forth in this section, applicants must meet the following additional
requirements:
1. Fully comply with the inspection process required by the division that shall ensure
that the existence of the appliance to be removed from the applicant's property and
the use of an acceptable alternative is properly documented.
2. Removal of the appliance.
3. Delivery of the appliance to the authorized decommission station.
4. Certificate of destruction delivered to the division.
C. Replacement Program. The replacement program will help offset the costs of
replacing an unqualified solid fuel burning appliance with a qualified borough- listed
appliance, masonry heater, or pellet stove installed in compliance with this chapter and
with the costs of upgrading the chimney to the extent required by the manufacturer of the
qualified borough listed appliance for proper installation. In addition to the general
requirements set forth in this section, applicants must meet the following additional
requirements:
1. Fully comply with the inspection process required by the division that shall ensure
that the existence of the appliance to be replaced from the applicant's property is
properly documented.
2. Removal of appliance.
3. Delivery of appliance to the authorized decommission station.
4. Certificate of destruction delivered to the division.
5. Verified, by applicant sworn statement and visual inspection, installation of a
qualified borough- listed appliance in compliance with this chapter.
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Chapter 8.21 PM2.5 AIR QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM Page 9 of 10
D. Repair Program.
1. The repair program will pay for the:
a. Replacement of a wood stove's catalytic converter that has exceeded its life
span through the one -time payment of up to $750.00.
b. Replacement of any emissions- reducing component of an EPA certified
wood stove up to the maximum amount of $750.00.
c. Repair, modification or extension of chimney or smoke stack up to the
maximum amount of $750.00 which either significantly reduces the amount of
PM2.5 emitted or which enables a chimney or smoke stack installed prior to
June 11, 2010, to meet the installation requirements of this chapter.
2. In addition to the general requirements set forth in this section, applicants must
fully comply with any inspection process required by the division. (Ord. 2010 -37
2 5, 2010; Ord. 2010 -28 2, 2010)
8.21.040 Forecasting exceedances and voluntary restrictions in the nonattainment
area during an alert.
A. During the winter months of October through March, the borough shall issue a daily
PM forecast at 4:30 p.m. Monday through Friday. When the PM concentration reaches
the onset level for an episode and is expected to remain at that level for 12 hours, an
alert will be declared. Once an alert is declared, PM control measures set forth in this
section shall be implemented and continued until the alert is cancelled.
B. Voluntary Restrictions in the Nonattainment Area During an Alert.
1. Residents shall be requested to voluntarily stop operation of solid fuel burning
appliances, pellet stoves, and masonry heaters in the nonattainment area.
2. The division will notify local media to ensure the declared alert is broadcast.
Information within the notification will contain the PM forecast and procedures to
reduce sources of PM. (Ord. 2010 -28 2, 2010)
8.21.050 Voluntary emissions standard and educational program.
A. Voluntary Standard. Each person shall attempt to operate their solid fuel burning
appliance in a manner that does not cause, permit, or allow emission that creates opacity
greater than 50 percent for a period or periods aggregating more than 15 minutes in any
hour except during the first 20 minutes after the initial firing of a cold unit.
B. Standard Determination Method. Methods and procedures specified by the EPA in 40
CFR 60 Appendix A reference method 9 (visual determination of the opacity of emissions
from stationary sources) shall be used to determine compliance with this section. Smoke
visible from a chimney, flue or exhaust duct in excess of the opacity standard shall
constitute prima facie evidence of an improper operation of an applicable solid fuel
combustion appliance.
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Chapter 8.21 PM2.5 AIR QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM Page 10 of 10
C, Educational Outreach. If the FNSB air quality division determines that a person is
exceeding this voluntary standard, the division shall make reasonable efforts to contact
and advise the person, if interested, of any available assistance or other information that
might assist the person in reducing the emissions. (Ord. 2011 -03 9, 2011)
This page of the Fairbanks North Star Borough Code is
current through Ordinance 2011 -03, passed January 27,
2011.
Disclaimer: The Borough Clerk's Office has the official version of
the Fairbanks North Star Borough Code. Users should contact the
Borough Clerk's Office for ordinances passed subsequent to the
ordinance cited above.
Borough Website:
http://www.co.fairbanks.ak.us/
(http://www.co.fairbanks.ak.us/)
Borough Telephone: (907) 459 -1401
Code Publishing Company
http: /www.codepubllshing.com
http /www. co of ep ub li shing. c om/alc/f airb anksnorthstarn orough/html/FairbanksNSB 08/Fairb... 2/9/2011
Guidance for Health Professionals: Outdoor Wood-Fired Boilers Water Stoves)
WISCONSIN
DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH SERVICES
What is an Outdoor Wood Boiler?
An outdoor wood boiler (OWB) is any furnace,
stove, or boiler designed to burn wood, where
the unit is not located within a building
intended for habitation by humans or
domestic animals, OWBs, also known as
water stoves, typically look like a small utility
building with a smoke stack. OWBs provide
heating and /or hot water to a single
residence.
Pagel of 4
About DHS Topics A s Z Programs Services Partners Providers Reference Center
Outdoor Wood Boilers (Water Stoves)
For a printable version (pdf) of this fact sheet, click here
Guidance for local government and public health officials on the use
and
regulation of outdoor wood boilers (OWBs).
Public health hazards can result from excessive smoke produced when
outdoor wood boilers are improperly placed and operated. Local health
departments have the authority to address public health hazards and
health nuisances under Wisconsin State Statute 254. This fact sheet
summarizes current Wisconsin Department of Health Services
recommendations for best-- management practices of outdoor wood boilers.
What is an Outdoor Wood Boiler?
Public Health Ha ards Associated with Outdoor Wood Boilers
gxisting Public Health Laws and Ordinances
l rn nsD asatighitsig r B I
Complaints?
For More Xnformatj on
The basic design of an outdoor wood boiler (OWB) includes a firebox
enclosed in a water jacket, surrounded by insulation, and vented through a
chimney stack. The combustion of wood heats the water in the reservoir.
Heated water is carried through underground pipes to heat a home, farm
building, swimming pool, hot tub, or to produce domestic hot water. OWBs
are more popular in rural areas than in other areas. Most OWBs cost
between $3,000- $10,000 installed.
The basic design of the OWES encourages a slow, cooler fire, to maximize the
amount of heat transferred from the fire to the water. Slow, cooler fires,
lhttp:/ /www.dlhs.wisconsin.bov /c.hil-J 1thUaz /fs /watcrlt 2/9/2011
Guidance for Health Professionals: Outdoor Wood-Fired 'Boilers (Water Stoves) Page 2 of 4
however, bum inefficiently and create more smoke and creosote than higher
temperature fires. The most efficient wood-burning furnaces burn at very
high temperatures, include a heat store of several hundred gallons of water,
and have refractory tunnels where high-temperature secondary combustion
can take place. These units are typically installed inside the home, have very
low emissions, and have a stack height of 20-30 feet. Outdoor models often
are missing these important features.
Public Health Hazards Associated with OWBs
Health officials worldwide have only recently begun to understand the health
problems seen in people who regularly cook or work around wood fires.
Wood smoke contains a mixture of at least 100 different compounds in the
form of gases and fine sooty particulate matter (PM). Some of the major
components of wood smoke are on EPA's list of six "criteria pollutants" in the
National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), including ozone, carbon
monoxide, nitrous oxides, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. The six
criteria pollutants were singled out by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) because of the negative impacts of these pollutants
on human health, which include coughing and difficult or painful breathing,
increased susceptibility to respiratory illness like pneumonia and bronchitis,
eye and nose irritation, hospitalization for heart or lung diseases, and
premature death.
Smoke associated with OWBs
At the relatively low temperatures at
which OWBs are designed to burn wood,
the stoves can produce thick smoke and
creosote. This smoke can contain
unhealthy levels of toxic air pollutants
and known carcinogens, including
significant amounts of particulate matter
(PM) of various polycyclic aromatic
compounds (PAHs).
Exposure to PM can trigger or aggravate respiratory and cardiovascular
problems. PM are so small that they behave much like gases they can
penetrate homes, even when windows and doors are closed. PM can lodge
deep in the lungs of those exposed to wood smoke, and are not easily
expelled. Symptoms of people exposed to wood smoke from OWBs include
eye and nose irritation, breathing difficulty, wheezing, coughing, and
headaches. People with heart disease, asthma, emphysema, or other
respiratory diseases are especially sensitive. In particular, wood smoke can
be harmful to the elderly, babies, children, and pregnant women.
The chance a person will experience health effects as a result of exposure to
smoke depends on the concentration of air pollutants they breathe and the
duration of their exposure. Because most OWBs have very short stacks and
are located close to homes, there is a greater potential for emissions to
create a health hazard for those living near the unit, including neighbors. In
http://www.dhs.wisconsin.govieh/HlthHazifs/wateraves.htm 2/9/2011
Guidance for Health Professionals: Outdoor Wood -Fired Boilers (Water Stoves) Page 3 of 4
areas where homes are not close together, the use of an OWB may not be a
health hazard for neighbors.
Hazards associated with burning garbage or inappropriate materials
Burning particleboard, treated, stained, painted, wet or freshly cut wood can
release very toxic chemicals. These materials should never be burned in
OWBs. Trash burning is especially harmful because it releases chemicals that
are persistent in the environment, polluting our air, food, lakes and streams.
Burning plastic and treated wood also releases heavy metals and toxic
chemicals such as dioxins. Exposure to dioxins can cause skin problems,
reproductive or developmental problems, and may even increase the risk of
cancer.
Existing Public Health Laws and Ordinances
Human health hazards can result from the use of outdoor wood boilers.
Local health departments, which have the authority to address health
hazards, may be asked to respond to complaints from the public regarding
problems with water stove use. In addition, several communities in
Wisconsin have taken the step of creating ordinances that ban or regulate
the use of OWBs. The adoption of local ordinances regulating outdoor wood
stoves is currently the best way to address the issue proactively. Although
the US EPA has regulations for reducing pollution from residential stoves and
fireplace inserts, there are currently no Federal or State standards regulating
the use of outdoor wood boilers. The US EPA does maintain a website (exit
OHS) with links to state and local air agencies working to reduce emissions
from OWBs, as well as current regulations governing OWB use.
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has developed a
guidance document and model ordinance (exit DHS) for local communities
interested in regulating outdoor burning, burning of refuse, and the
installation and use of OWBs.
What Can Local Governments Do About Water Stove Complaints?
In some communities, the best approach to managing nuisance complaints
and public health hazards is a local ordinance that restricts or bans the use
of OWBs. While water stoves are typically used in rural settings, an
increasing number are being installed in subdivisions and small towns. If
your municipality is receiving complaints about OWBs, you should consider
the following best management practices for their placement and use:
1. Ensure that OWBs are installed where they do not create an air
pollution health hazard. Local officials should give careful consideration
to the influence that changes in land use can have on where OWBs are
installed. This is especially important when agriculturally zoned land is
changed to residential. This frequently results in homes being built too
close to OWBs.
2. Restrict what can be burned in an OWB to clean dry firewood.
3. Place OWBs at least 300 -500 feet from the nearest building which is
not on the same property as the unit.
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Guidance for Health Professionals: Outdoor Wood -Fired Boilers (Water Stoves) Page 4 of 4
4. Require that OWB chimneys be 15 feet high, or at least as high as the
roofs of nearby buildings.
5. Require annual permitting of OWBs by the local fire chief.
For more guidance on establishing control over the installation and use of
OWBs please refer to the DNR "Model Ordinance for Outdoor Burning, Open
Burning and Burning of Refuse A Guide for Wisconsin Counties, Cities,
Villages and Towns." You can retrieve this document at
http: /dnr.wi. gov environmentprotect /ob /modelOrdinance.htm. (exit DHS)
For More Information
Contact the Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Bureau of Environmental
and Occupational Health, PO Box 2659, Madison, WI 53701 -2659, (608) 266
-1120.
More Internet Sites:
NY State Office of the Attorney General Report, Smoke Gets in Your
Lungs: Outdoor Wood Boilers in New York State, October 2005:
http://http://www.oag.state.ny.us/media center /2005 /aug /August%
202005.pdf (exit DHS)
US EPA, Emissions from Outdoor Wood Burning Residential Hot Water
Furnaces: http: /www.epa .gov /ttn /atw /burn /woodburn1.pdf (exit DHS)
US EPA, National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS):
http: /www.epa.gov /air /criteria.html (exit DHS)
WI DNR Open Burning Website:
http: dnr .wi.gov /environmentprotect /ob/ (exit DHS)
WI DHS Fact Sheet on Trash and Wood Burning:
http: /www.dhs.wisconsin .gov /eh /HlthHaz /fs /WoodBrn.htm
Washington State Department of Ecology, Health Effects of Wood
Smoke Fact Sheet: http: /www.ecy.wa.gov /pubs /92046.pdf (exit DHS)
Puget Sound Clean Air Agency, Facts About Outdoor Fires Website:
http: /www.pscleanair.org /burning /outdoor /index.shtml (exit DHS)
Back to Environmental Health Resources
Last Revised: July 12, 2010
Back to top 1 Contact us 1 Disclaimer 1 Employment 1 Privacy notice 1 Site feedback
Protecting and promoting the health and safety of the people of Wisconsin
The Official Internet site of the Wisconsin Department of Health Services
20
http: /www.dhs.wisconsin. gov /eh/HlthHaz /fs /waterstoves.htm 2/9/2011
id you know that by changing
the :way:.y�ou burn :wood. you can
Yy you
money, reduce air pollution
and 'p'rotec t your health?
Clean:: as eS:: rom your woo urnng
appliance Excess ashes can clog the air
intake vents reducing efficiency. Be ure to
e r� e g sure
of ashes in a metal container away
from the house or any flammable material to
re uce the risk of fire.
r
Here area few simple ti :s to make
your fire burn hotter, keep Y pY our
wallet fatter and keep your local
air cleaner and healthier.
4 Season all firewood. All firewood should be
J split securely covered or stored, and aged
for at least six months. Seasoned wood burns
hotter, cuts fuel consumption and reduces the
amount of smoke your appliance produces.
4 Choose the right firewood. Hardwoods are
the best. Never burn trash or treated wood
which can emit toxic air pollutants.
Start it right Use only. dean newspaper
it f or dry kindling to start a fire Never use
gasoline, >kerosono, charcoal starter, or a
propane torch.
Don't let the fire smolder. Many people think
eta they should let a fire smolder overnight. But
reducing the air supply does little for heating
and increases air pollution.
eep your chimney clean, A clean c. mney
provides good :for :.`your 'wood burning
appliance and reduces the risk of a chimney
fire. Have a certified professional inspect your
chimney once a year
Be a good neighbor. Follow best' practices
A4 for burning wood, Always remember to
comply with state and local codes and check
your local air quality forecast:
Follow instructions. your wood-
di burnin g appliance liahce according to the
manufacturer's instructions and follow all
maintenance::
A Upgrade to Cleaner equipment. EPA-
certified wood stoves and fi replace inserts
burn cleaner and burn wood more efficiently
emitting less particle pollution than older
models.
1 Size matters. Choose the right-sized
appliance for your needs. If your wood-
burning appliance is too big for your room or
house, the fuel will smolder and create more air.
pollution,
E P For more information on how to burn wise, go to www.epa.gov /burnwise
EPA- 456/F -09 -004
L
HEALTH EFFECTS OF BREATHING WOODSMOKE
Summary: Numerous scientific studies report potentially serious adverse health effects
from breathing smoke emitted by residential wood combustion. Smoke contains fine
particles, which can affect both the lungs and the heart. Residential wood smoke may be
a significant source of exposure to fine particle pollution.
Smoke and Residential Wood Combustion
Residential wood combustion refers to the burning of wood in fireplaces,
woodstoves and other devices used to heat the home. These devices produce smoke
when wood does not burn completely. If operated incorrectly, even the most modern
wood burning devices can produce smoke.
Smoke from wood burning stoves and fireplaces contains a complex mixture of
gases and particles. The size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing
health problems. Small particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter pose the greatest
problems, because they can get deep into the lungs, and some may even get into the
bloodstream. Among these particles are "fine particles," which are 2.5 micrometers in
diameter and smaller. These fine particles can affect both your lungs and your heart.
Smoke and Health
When people are not at work they typically spend 60 -70 percent of their time at
home, (Szalar, 1 1972; Chapin 1974; Sexton et a1. 1986) and if they heat their home
with wood they are potentially exposed to fine particle pollution. In addition to the smoke
that can be released inside the home, studies show that an estimated 70 percent of smoke
from chimneys can actually reenter the home and neighborhood dwellings (Pierson et
al., 1989).
Numerous scientific studies have linked particle pollution exposure to a variety of
problems, including:
increased respiratory symptoms, such as irritation of the airways,
coughing, or difficulty breathing;
decreased lung function;
aggravated asthma;
development of chronic bronchitis;
irregular heartbeat;
nonfatal heart attacks; and
premature death in people with heart or lung disease.
People with heart or lung diseases, children and older adults are the most likely to
be affected by particle pollution exposure. However, even healthy people may experience
temporary symptoms from exposure to elevated levels of particle pollution. For more
information about particle pollution, visit www.epa.gov /particles. For more information
about asthma, visit www.a.gov /asthma.
1
22
‘OW %V' ('p Vii.: ov /hL,rni -)arc-
Woodsmoke and Health: A Survey of Research
Many researchers have studied the health effects of RWC emissions on people in
both indoor and outdoor environments in North and South America, Europe and the Far
East since the early 1980's. They have documented their results in various environmental
and medical journals. Selected excerpts from these studies form the basis of the
following discussion and are referenced in the endnotes of this section, as well as a
glossary of medical terms used.
The following conclusions are from a review article by Judith T. Zelikoff that
examines many of the health effects studies published in the last 25 years. The article
appeared in the Journal of Toxicology Environmental Health in 2002:
With regard to adults, studies show that prolonged inhalation of
wood smoke contributed to chronic bronchitis (Rajpandey 1984),
chronic interstitial lung disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension and cor
puhnonal.c (Sandoval et al., 1993), and altered pulmonary immune
defense mechanisms (Demarest et al., 1979; Ramage et al., 1988).
While adverse effects on adults are notable, children appear to be at
greatest risk. Many studies that focused specifically on RWC have
concluded that young children living in homes heated by a wood burning
stove had a greater occurrence of moderate and severe chronic respiratory
symptoms than children of the same age and sex who did not live in
homes heated with a wood burning stove. Exposure of preschool children
living in homes heated with wood burning stoves or in houses with open
fireplaces yielded these effects: decreased pulmonary lung function in
young asthmatics (Koenig et al., 1993); increased incidence of acute
bronchitis and severity /frequency of wheezing and coughing (Butterfield'
et al., 1989); and increased incidence, duration, and possibly severity of
acute respiratory infections (Honicky'2 '3 et al., 1983, 1985; Rajpandey,
1984; Morris is et al., 1990; Collings i5 et al., 1990; Honicky and
Osborne 1991; Kammen' et al., 1998).
Residential wood combustion emissions also contain sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and potentially carcinogenic
compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene,
formaldehyde and dioxins (NEIPTG, 2000' Larson and Koenig, 1994
ERMD, 2000 Some of these pollutants are known to cause cancer but
their effects on human health via exposure to wood smoke have not been
extensively studied.
2
23
Reduce Smoke to Reduce Exposure
People who heat with wood should do so as cleanly as possible. As a result of
federal air quality regulations, wood stoves and fireplace inserts manufactured after 1992
are significantly cleaner- burning .than those built earlier. These newer appliances
properly installed, in good working order, well maintained and used correctly help
reduce outdoor and indoor air pollution resulting from burning wood, and consequently,
help reduce risks to health. Homeowners can further reduce those risks by switching to
cleaner fuels, such as gas. If people are burning wood for recreational purposes, they
should consider the impacts on their health, their family's health, and their neighbors'
health.
References:
1 Szalar, A. 1972. The Use of Time: Daily activities of urban and suburban populations in twelve
countries. The Hague: Mouton
2 Chapin, F. S. 1974, Human activity patterns in the city. New York: Wiley- Interscience.
3 Sexton, K., Liu, K. S., Treitman, R. D., Spengler, J. D., and Turner, W. J., 1986. Characterization of
indoor air quality in woodburning residences. Environ. Int. 12 :265 -278.
4 Pierson, W. E., Koenig, J. Q., and Bardana, E. J., 1989. Potential adverse health effects of wood smoke.
West J. Med, 151: 339 -342.
5 Zelikoff, J.T., 2002. The Toxicology of Inhaled Woodsmoke. Journal of Toxicology Environmental
Health, Part B, 5:269 -282.
6 Rajpandey, M. 1984. Domestic Smoke Pollution and Chronic Bronchitis in a Rural Community of the
Hill Region of Nepal. Thorax 39:337 -339.
7 Sandoval,J., Slas, J., Martinez Guerra, M.L., Gomez, A., Martinez, C., Portales, A., Palomar, A.,
Villegas, M., and Barrios, R. 1993. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Cor Pulmonale Associated with
Chronic Domestic Woodsmoke Inhalation. Chest 103:12 -20.
8 Demarest, G. M., I-Iudson, L.D., and Altman, L.C., 1979. Impaired Alveolar Macrophage Chemotaxis in
Patients with Acute Smoke Inhalation. Am. Rev, Respir. Dis. 119:279 -286.
9 Ramage, J.E., Roggli, V.L., Bell, D.Y., and Piantadosi, C.A. 1988. Interstitial Lung Disease and
Domestic Woodburning. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136: 1486 -1508.
10 Koenig, J.Q., Larson, T.V., Hanley, Q.S., Rebolledo, V., Dumier, K., Checkoway, H., Wang, S.Z., Lin,
D., and Pierson, W.E. 1993. Pulmonary Function Changes in Children Associated with Fine Particulate
Matter. Environ. Res, 63:26 -38.
11 Butterfield, P., Edmunson, E., LaCava, G., and Penner, J. I989. Woodstoves and Indoor Air. J.
Environ. Health 59: 172 -173.
12 Honicky, R.E., Akpom, C.A., and Osborne, J.S., 1983. Infant Respiratory Illness and Indoor Air
Pollution from a Woodburning Stove. Pediatrics 71: 126 -128.
13 Honicky, R.E., Osborne, J.S., and Akpom, C.A., 1985. Symptoms of Respiratory Illness in Young
Children and the Use of Woodburning Stoves for Indoor Heating. Pediatrics 75: 587 -593.
3
24
14 Morris, K., Morganlander, M., Coulehan, J.L., Gahagen, S., and Arena, V.C., 1990. Wood burning
Stoves and Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in American Indian Children. Am. J. Dis. Child. 144: 105-
108.
15 Collins, D.A., Martin, K.S., and Sithole, S.D., 1990. Indoor Woodsmoke Pollution Causing Lower
Respiratory Disease in Children, Trop. Doctor 20: 151 -155
16 Honicky, R.E., and Osborne, J.S., 1991. Respiratory Effects of Wood Heat: Clinical Observations and
Epidemiologic Assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 95:105 -109.
17 Kammen, D.M., Wahhaj, G., and Yiadom, M.Y., 1998. Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) and Indoor
Air Pollution (with emphasis on children under five in developing countries), EHP Activity No. 263 -CC,
U.S. EPA.
18 NEIPTG. 2000. 1995 Criteria Air Contaminants Emissions Inventory Guidebook. National
Emissions Inventory and Projections Task Group. Canadian Council of Ministers of the
Environment.
19 Larson, T.V. and Koenig, J.Q. 1994. Wood smoke: emissions and non cancer respiratory
effects. Annual Review of Public Health. 15, 133 -156.
2° ERMD. 2000. Characterization of Organic Compounds from Selected Residential Wood Stoves
and Fuels. Emissions Research and Measurement Division, Environmental Technology
Advancement Directorate, Environment Canada. Report ERMD 2000 -01.
Glossary (source: U.S. National Library of Medicine)
Interstitial Lung Disease: Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are a group of diseases caused
by inflammation and scarring of the alveoli (air sacs) and their supporting structures (the
interstitium). This leads to reduced blood oxygen levels. Most cause progressive scarring
of lung tissue that eventually affects a person's ability to breathe and obtain enough
oxygen. Beyond this, the disorders vary greatly. For more information see:
http://www.iilmsdh.gov/rnedlineplus/ency/article/000128.han
Cor Pulmonale: Cor pulmonale is failure of the right side of the heart caused by
prolonged high blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and right ventricle of the heart.
Almost any chronic lung disease or condition causing prolonged low blood oxygen can
lead to cor pulmonale. For more information see:
http://www.nhanih.govhnedlinealusIgneyfattiele/000129.htni
Pulmonary arterial hypertension: Pulmonary hypertension is abnormally high blood
pressure in the arteries of the lungs. The small arteries of the lung narrow throughout the
lungs. Pulmonary hypertension is the result of greater resistance to blood flow. As a
result of the increased workload caused by this resistance, the right side of the heart
becomes enlarged. Eventually, progressive heart failure may develop. For more
information see: http: /www.nlm.ni.lr. gov /medl:i:ueplus /eney /article /0001.
4
25
Bronchitis: Bronchitis is an inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs.
Bronchitis may be short -lived (acute) or chronic, meaning that it lasts a long time and
often recurs. There are two types of bronchitis:
Acute Bronchitis: generally follows a viral respiratory infection. Initially, it
affects the nose, sinuses, and throat and then spreads to the lungs. Sometimes, a person
may get another (secondary) bacterial infection in the airways. This means that bacteria
infect the airways, in addition to the virus. People at risk for acute bronchitis include: the
elderly, infants, and young children; smokers; and people with heart or lung disease.
Chronic Bronchitis: is a long -term condition. People have a cough that produces
excessive mucus. To be diagnosed with chronic bronchitis, a person must have a cough
with mucus most days of the month for at least three months. Chronic bronchitis is also
known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD for short. (Emphysema is
another type of COPD.) As the condition gets worse, people with COPD may become
increasingly short of breath, have difficulty walking or exerting themselves physically,
and may need supplemental oxygen on a regular basis. Cigarette smoke, including long-
term exposure to second -hand smoke, is the main cause of chronic bronchitis. The
severity of the disease often relates to how much a person smoked or was exposed to the
smoke. The following things can make bronchitis worse: air pollution, certain
occupations (like coal mining, textile manufacturing, or grain handling), infection, and
allergies. For more information see:
http://www.nlimnih.gov/medlincplus/ency/article/00 10 8 7.htm
5
26
Installation and Maintenance I Burn Wise I US EPA
r V d8'i
F stw.ty .51 r3NFifrGS
Burn Wise
Consumers
Installation and Maintenance
EPA recommends That your wood- burning appliance be professionally installed by a certified technician to insure Its safely and proper
performance. The safety of your home and family depends on fully understanding and carrying out the critical manufacturer and
building code requirements that Include:
Proper clearances between the wood burning appliance and venting system and combustible materials.
Proper protection of combustible floors.
Proper assembly of appliance and venting components.
Errors in installation (by a non professional) may not be visible, and problems may not be apparent for a considerable length of
time —and then only by a resulting home fire.
Furthermore, experienced professionals can properly size and place equipment for best heat distribution. The venting system (or
chimney), In particular. Is a critical area that requires professional involvement. This Is the "engine" that drives the whole burning
process —or causes it to perform poorly or fail. Professional decisions about the venting system to ensure adequate draft include:
Proper sizing (particularly avoiding oversized flues).
Proper height (often taller than minimum code requirements).
Proper location (Interior of the house when possible) or protection from extreme cold.
Proper configuration (avoiding excessive horizontal runs and system turns in direction).
A wood•buming appliance that Is sized and placed properly with a venting system that delivers adequate draft will reduce wood
consumption, produce more usable heal. and reduce maintenance from inefficient fires.
One of the best ways to find competent Installation professionals is to check their credentials. The Chimney Safety Institute of America
(CSIA) Is a source for finding a certified chimney sweep. CSIA is a non profit, educational organization dedicated to chimney and
venting system safety. To learn more about CSJA and to locate a CSIA specialist, visit the Chimney Safety Institute of America.
erornsc rn�
A source for certified hearth system planners and installers is the National Fireplace lnstllute® (NFI). NFI is a non -profit certification agency that conducts nationwide education
and testing of hearth professionals. To learn more about NFI and to locate an NFI Wood Burning Specialist, I. r r =1 Fire e In (gmr..efptrteinipl>
Laei updated on Friday, January 07. 2011
http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/maintenance,html 27
http: /Awrw.epa.govlbu rnwis elms ante nance. him I
Burnise
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EPA and Pre officials recommend having
your wood burning appliance, chimney,
and vents professionally Inspected and
cleaned each year to keep them In safe
working order.
Do you smell smoke in your home?
Shut down your wood burning appliance,
open a window, be sure the flue is open,
carefully check the venting (chimney)
system, and call a professional wood stove
Installer or chimney sweep.
2/17/2011
OUTDOOR WOOD FURNACE BEST BURN PRACTICES
1. Read and follow all operating instructions supplied by the manufacturer.
2. FUEL USED; Only those listed fuels recommended by the manufacturer of your unit,
Never use the following: trash, plastics, gasoline, rubber, naphtha, household
garbage, material treated with petroleum products (particle board, railroad ties and
pressure treated wood), leaves, paper products, and cardboard.
3. LOADING FUEL: For a more efficient burn, pay careful attention to loading times and
amounts. Follow the manufacturer's written instructions for recommended loading
times and amounts.
4. STARTERS: Do not use lighter fluids, gasoline, or chemicals.
5, LOCATION: It is recommended that the unit be located with due consideration to the
prevailing wind direction;
Furnace should be located no less than 100 feet from any residence not served by
the furnace.
If located within 100 feet to 300 feet to any residence not served by the furnace, it
is recommended that the stack be at least 2 feet higher than the peak of that
residence.
Chimney .Height Installation Sc
2 feet 1
11 Chimney height
T should be 2 feet above roof I
Residence
served by furnace
6. Always remember to comply with all applicable state and local codes.
Minimum of 100 feet
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OUTDOOR FURNACE MANUFACTURERS CAUCUS
28
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Residence not
served by furnace
Definition:
Setbacks:
Lot Size:
OWB Regulation Work Sheet
Stack Height:
Distance from Lot:
Building Permit:
Fuel Burning Restrictions:
Other:
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